History Fundamentals and Primary Source Analysis

This flashcard set covers the foundational definitions of history, various schools of historiography, types of historical sources, methods of historical criticism, and key primary sources related to Philippine history.

Historia

The Latin root of the word history, meaning "knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation".

History

The historians' interpretation of past events, as opposed to simply the past itself.

Herodotus

The individual recognized as the Father of History.

Historiography

The study of historians' methods, practices, and rules of reasoning when writing history.

Positivism

A school of historical thought holding that history cannot exist without structural documents ("no documents, no history").

Annales School

A school of thought that uses geographic landscapes to set and contextualize historical scenes.

Marxist History

A historical approach focusing primarily on economic conflicts and clashes between social classes.

The New Social History

A style of history that investigates from the ground up, focusing on everyday human life.

Post-Colonialism

The study of how colonized peoples resisted and fought their colonizers.

Pantayong Pananaw

A Filipino-centric philosophy introduced by Dr. Zeus Salazar emphasizing local language to foster internal discourse on Philippine history ("for us - from us").

Historical Awareness

Judging and analyzing the past using its own unique standards and context (zeitgeist), avoiding modern biases.

Social Memory

The collective way a society chooses to remember its past, which can be distorted to protect national identity.

Tradition (as a Distortion)

The assumption that past structures must serve as absolute rules for the present.

Nostalgia (as a Distortion)

Viewing the past through an overly favorable lens and believing history has evolved negatively.

Progress (as a Distortion)

Viewing the past as inherently inferior to the modern era.

Historical Revisionism

The manipulation of historical facts for political motives, ignoring scientific methods and confusing fact with fiction.

Historical Objectivity

Processing historical questions with absolute impartiality, eliminating personal prejudices or deliberate misinterpretations.

Primary Sources

Materials, objects, or testimonies created during the exact time frame of a historical event by direct witnesses or participants.

Secondary Sources

Materials that analyze or interpret primary sources, written by individuals who did not directly witness the event.

Deliberate Sources

Materials intentionally kept for future generations, such as memoirs or tombstones.

Inadvertent Sources

Objects unintentionally left behind that provide historic value, such as pre-colonial ornaments or tools.

Documents

Historical records meant to transmit information via human thought.

Relics

Physical objects produced without the intent of transmitting a message.

External Criticism

Also known as Lower Criticism; it verifies the authenticity and physical nature of a source, such as paper type and authorship.

Internal Criticism

Also known as Higher Criticism; it verifies the credibility and truthfulness of a source's content and the author's context.

Content

The main ideas, information, arguments, or message found in a historical source ("What the source says").

Context

The historical circumstances (time, place, political situation) surrounding the creation of a source ("Why, when, and where").

Contextualization

The practice of placing a source within its original historical setting before interpreting its meaning.

P.A.P.E.R. Method

A guide for analyzing documents: Purpose, Argument, Presuppositions, Epistemology, and Relate.

Reliability

When a source consistently provides accurate and believable information.

Credibility

The trustworthiness of an author based on honesty, expertise, consistency, and reputation.

Antonio Pigafetta

The official chronicler of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition and author of "Magellan's Voyage".

Emilio Jacinto

Often called the "Brains of the Katipunan" and the author of the "Kartilya ng Katipunan".

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

The author of the "Proclamation of Philippine Independence".

Alfred McCoy

Author of "Philippines under America in Caricature", a collection of political cartoons from American colonial rule.

Maria Rosa Henson

Author of the memoir "Comfort Woman: Slave of Destiny".

April 27, 1521

The date of the Battle of Mactan and the death of Ferdinand Magellan.

Kartilya ng Katipunan

The official handbook and code of conduct of the Katipunan, influenced by the ideals of the French Revolution.

June 12, 1898

The date Philippine Independence was proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite.

Julian Felipe

The composer of "Marcha Filipina Magdalo", which later became the national anthem "Lupang Hinirang".