HOA4 - Architecture During the Spanish Colonial Period

Magellan Expedition

Under Ferdinand Magellan led to the discovery of the Philippines.

Mass held in March 31, 1521

A significant event during the Magellan Expedition.

Santo Niño image

Given as a gift to Queen Juana of Cebu.

Lapu Lapu

Ruler of Mactan; his warriors killed Magellan on the shores of Mactan.

Significance of the Magellan expedition

1. It proved that the world was round because the expeditionary force came back to Spain through a circumnavigator route. 2. It provided a route to the East where spices could be acquired. 3. It brought the Philippines to the center of the Old World's attention.

Legaspi Expedition

Under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi led to the formal establishment of a Spanish mission in Cebu in 1565.

Tornaviaje

The return route to Mexico discovered by Legaspi's expedition.

Fray Andres de Urdaneta

Lead maritime adviser of the Legaspi Expedition.

Cebu City

Oldest city in the Philippines; founded May 8, 1565.

Calle Colon

Oldest street in the Philippines and in Cebu.

Panay

Founded in 1569.

Manila

Founded in 1571 from the settlement of Raja Matanda and Raja Soliman, known as Maynilad.

Nilad

A type of mangrove abundant in the area.

Intramuros

Manila was later built with thick stone walls, thus its later name meaning 'Inside the walls'.

Manila's declaration

Declared by Legaspi as the 'Distinguished and Ever Loyal City' and made into the capital of the Philippine colony named after King Felipe II.

Luzon

Island was called Nueva Castilla.

Belief in Bathala

Supreme god among the people of Manila.

Belief in anitos

Good ancestral spirits among the people of Manila.

Social hierarchy

Datu, Freemen or Timawa, Alipin (Slaves) - namamahay or saguiguilid.

Murillo Velarde Map

Map of the Philippines commissioned by Governor Fernando Valdes Tamon to Fr. Pedro Murilo Velarde.

Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade

Brought goods from China to Mexico and on to Spain; ended in 1815.

Galleon

A big sea vessel also known as nao de China.

Example of goods in a galleon

Chocolate, ceramics, furniture, spices, cloth, wine, art objects.

Effects of the galleon trade

1. Slave trade ended in 1679. 2. Rise of mestizaje or people of mixed race. 3. Guayabera clothes influenced by the barong tagalog. 4. Art and crafts. 5. Food (adobo, caldereta, pochero). 6. Chocolate / cacao.

Patronato real

Royal patronage; the Spanish monarch supported not only the political organization but also the Church, helping in the establishment of parishes, churches, religious endowments.

Reduccion bajo la campana

Reduction under the church bell; the plan by which Spanish conquest and the creation of settlements was achieved by engaging the native people to settle in one place under the watch of the church.

Laws of the Indies

Set of laws by King Philip II that served as the template for planning towns in the new colonies of Spain; the laws was the first set of urban planning guidelines implemented on a very large scale in the world, covering Spain's colonies overseas.

Plaza

The center of the town; the town square where all the prominent buildings of the town were located, e.g. church, convent, casa tribunal (casa real), escuela (school), and houses of the prominent members of society.

Poblacion

Center of town.

Polo y servicio

Compulsory labor rendered by native males 16 to 30 years old; 40 days of free labor.

Repartimiento/encomienda

Land grant given to Spain's loyal soldiers who joined the Spanish conquest; this system imposed forced labor on the indigenous population.

Diocese of Cebu

Established in 1595, known as Santissimo Nombre de Jesus.

Diocese of Manila

Established in 1595.

Diocese of Nueva Segovia

Originally based in Lallo, Cagayan and transferred to Vegan, Ilocos Sur.

Diocese of Nueva Caceres

Located in Naga, Camarines Sur.

Diocese of Santa Isabel

Located in Jaro, Iloilo.

Secular clergy

Clergy affiliated with the diocese.

Regular clergy

Religious clergy.

Augustinians

Assigned in Luzon and Visayas.

Dominicans

Assigned in northern Luzon, i.e. Ilocos and Cagayan Valley.

Franciscans

Assigned in Southern Luzon.

Jesuits and Recollects

Assigned in Visayas and Mindanao.

Camarin and tuklong

Early church types like the bah kubo with the tuklong similar to a shed.

Convent (convento/kumbento)

Where the priests lived.

Lazi Church Convent

In Lazi, Siquijor is the largest convent in the Philippines.

Retablo

Church altarpiece.

Town Creation

Towns originated from simple mission settlements of the religious or from encomiendas or land grants.

Pueblo

Town; made up of barrios and sitios; laid out in grid plan or cuadricula.

Villa

A borough; there were eight (8) villas established in colonial Philippines.

Ciudad

City.

Provincia

Province.

Casa Real or Casa Tribunal

The seat of the government in a town; also functioned as the local court where cases were heard.

Casa Tribunal

A place that served as both a tribunal and jail in small towns without separate jail buildings.

Ayuntamiento/Cabildo/Casas Consistoriales

City Council of Manila.

Arrabales

Suburbs or area outside the Walled City or Intramuros.

Maynilad

Old palisaded settlement of Raja Soliman and Raja Matanda; became the capital of the new colony of Filipinas under Spain.

Manila

The new name given to Maynilad after it became the capital of the new Philippine colony.

Intramuros

Another name for Manila, literally means 'inside the walls'; known as the Ciudad Murada or Walled City.

Garita

Sentry lookout found at the top corners of the walls of Intramuros.

Moat

Foso; a defensive water-filled ditch surrounding a fortification.

Falsabraga

Low rampart built in front of the main fortification.

Fortin or reducto

Small fort or redoubt.

Cortina

Curtain wall that linked bastions together.

Revellin

Outer fortification that protects the gate.

Bastion/Baluarte

Bulwark; protruding structure with facing flanks built along the cortina.

Baluartillo

Small bastion with chambers for military supplies.

Maestranza

Military arsenal.

Capilla real

Royal chapel.

Contraguardia

V-shaped wall similar to the media luna in front of the bastion.

Escarpa

Scarp or embankment of a moat.

Glacis

Gentle slope of the fortification.

Puerta Real

Royal entrance.

Cabildo

City Council; the building it occupied was the Ayuntamiento (City Hall).

Palacio del Gobernador

Residence and office of the Governor General.

Real Audiencia

Highest court in the colony (Supreme Court).

Aduana

Customhouse later used as Intendencia; had a neoclassical facade.

Manila Cathedral

Former Iglesia or Church of Manila; Neo-Romanesque style.

Church of San Agustin

Baroque church and a World Heritage Site under the Augustinians.

Ateneo Municipal de Manila

Later Ateneo de Manila University in 1939.

Beaterio de la Compania

Site of Light and Sound Museum.

University of Santo Tomas

Now BF Condominiums — Transferred to Sampaloc campus after the Second World War.

Colegio de San Juan de Letran

Only school that has remained in Intramuros and is still functioning.

Fr. Antonio Sedeño

Jesuit priest who introduced stone building.

Bishop Domingo de Salazar

Searched for stone quarries; his bishop's house was the first stone structure in Manila.

Leonardo Yturriano

Spanish military engineer who supervised the construction of the stone walls of Intramuros.

Santiago de Vera

Governor who ordered the construction of all buildings in masonry in colonial Philippines.

Cal

Lime.

Canto/canteria

Masonry.

Cal y canto

Lime and masonry.

Sablot

Plant sap used in Sarrat Church.

Cantero

Mason.

Carpintero

Carpenter; also known as anluwage.

Conchero

Maker of capiz (placuna placenta) shell window panes; or maker of shell windows.

Latero

Tinsmith.

Paletada

Skin of the building; plaster.

Pedrero

Stonecutter.

Piedra

Stone.

Piedra de Guadalupe

Stone from Guadalupe.

Piedra de Meycauayan

Stone from Meycauayan.

Volcanic tuff

What is locally known as adobe.