Parts of Speech

noun

the name of a person, place, thing, idea, quality

concrete

things you can experience with your 5 senses (ex. Bag, house, shoe)

abstract

things you can’t experience through the 5 senses (ex. Freedom, love, bravery)

count

usually things you can count (ex. People, desks, shoes)

non-count

usually things you cannot count (ex. Milk, love, tea, water, information)

containers

Use to make non-count nouns into count nouns (ex. Bottle of water; sheet of paper)

verb

an action or state of being

V1/Base form

be (form?)

V2/Past form

was/were (form?)

V3 Past participle form

been (form?)

ING/Present participle form

being (form?)

present simple

We jump.

present progressive

I am working now.

present perfect (simple)

I have eaten.

present perfect progressive

She has been studying all day.

past simple

He jumped.

past progressive

He was running.

past perfect (simple)

She had peeped over the fence.

past perfect progressive

She had been talking for over an hour.

future simple

I will jump.

future progressive

I will be dancing tomorrow.

future perfect (simple)

We will have learned it by tomorrow.

future perfect progressive

I will have been living here for four years.

transitive

verbs that have objects (can ask the verb what? or who?; She painted the canvas with bold strokes.)

intransitive verbs

do not have objects (The baby cried all night.)

linking

verbs that act like the verb “be”, talk about the state of something (I feel strong.)

predicate

the main verb of a sentence

auxiliary

verbs that support the main verb in a sentence by adding tense, mood, voice, or emphasis

auxiliary verbs (be)

It is going; They are created; I will have been living in Iowa for 7 years; I was waiting.

auxiliary verbs (have)

I have eaten; I have been sleeping; It’s gone.

auxiliary verbs (do)

Do you want to eat lunch?; Don’t run; Does he work?; Did she go with you?

single word modals

I will go to lunch; I shall dance; As well as she could do.

phrasal modals

I ought to do that; You had better eat the food; I have got to go.

past modals

You shouldn’t have!; I would have studied more.

pronouns

parts of speech that can replace nouns

subject pronouns

I, you, we, they, he, she, it

object pronouns

Me, you, them, us him, her, it

relative pronouns

The guy that invented that died poor.

indefinite pronouns

Somebody, anybody, nobody, nothing, everything

reflexive pronouns

Myself, yourself, themselves, herself, himself

demonstrative pronouns

This, that, these, those

possessive pronouns

Mine, yours, his, hers, its, theirs

reciprocal pronouns

Each other, one another

adjectives

a word that describes a noun or a pronoun, and are usually found before a noun and after a linking verb

indefinite articles

A, an

Definite article

The

zero (null) article

no article is used (I like tea; Tigers are wild animals.)

possessive adjectives

My, your, his, her, its, our, their (This is his book)

demonstrative adjectives

This, that, these, those (This book is mine.)

quantity adjectives

Many, much, a few, a little

descriptive adjectives

Beautiful, stormy, green

adverbs

a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb

adverbs of manner

tell how something happens (Quickly, skillfully, rudely (usually end in -ly, with exceptions) hard, fast, slow, like)

adverbs of frequency

Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never

adverbs of degree

Almost, hardly, extremely, very

adverbs of place

They can be single words (here, there) or phrases (in Japan, on the floor); These adverbs may occur at the beginning of a sentence (in Japan, people use chopsticks) or near the end (People use chopsticks in Japan.)

adverbs of time

They can be single words (now, yesterday) or phrases (at night, in 1999); May occur at the beginning of a sentence (In 1999, I was a high school student) or at the end of a sentence (I was a high school student in 1999)

coordinating conjunctions

A conjunction that joins words, phrases, or independent clauses (For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS))

subordinating conjunctions

A conjunction that introduces a dependent clause and explains its relationship to the main part of the sentence (After, although, because, before, even if, if, now that, since, though, unless, until, when, while)

correlative conjunctions

Occur in pairs and connect equivalent sentence parts (both. . .and. . ., either. . .or. . ., not only. . .but also. . .)

conjunctive adverbs

transitional devices that connect two main ideas (Consequently, however, likewise, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, otherwise, similarly, therefore, still)

preposition

a word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and the rest of the sentence

location

at Gate 7, on the table, in North America

time

at 1 PM, on on Monday, in 1975

lexical prepositions

Across, before, down, on top of, under, with (The cat slept under the table.)

grammatical prepositions

I’m tired of my job, the advantage of my job, my job consists of two parts.

interjections

Wow! Great! Gosh! Ouch!