Module 3

The major components of bacterial surface are?

cell wall, capsule (K antigens), pili (F or K antigens), fimbriae and flagella (H antigens)

Cell wall of gram-positive organisms is largely composed of _________

peptidoglycan

gram-negative organisms, the layer of peptidoglycan is thin covered by an outer membrane consisting of ___________

lipopolysaccharides

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides in gram-negative bacteria are also called ________?

endotoxins

highly immunogenic proteins and stimulate the production of antibodies called __________?

antitoxins

Viral Antigens, Can grow only inside living cells, thus, are “____________?

“obligate”, intracellular parasites

The ___________ proteins are good antigens and are highly capable of provoking antibody formation

Capsid

Other Microbial, Antigens Include?

fungi, protozoan parasites, helminths

Factors that significantly influence the antigenicity of a molecule?

Size, Complexity, Dose, Route of administration, Host genetics, Chemical stability, Foreignness

What are the foreign materials that has no capability of stimulate immune response.

Plastic heart valves, steel bone pins

These are sites on the surface of an antigen that stimulates a specific immune response

Epitopes

Many different epitopes may be recognized by the immune system, but some are much more______than others

immunogenic

Small molecule that cannot initiate an immune response unless it is bound to an immunogenic carrier molecule

Haptens

The antigenic molecule to which the haptens are attached is called the _______?

carrier

Penicillin is an example of Haptens, they need to form into ___________ and bind to ________?

penicilloyl, albumin

Resin of poison ivy plant is an example of Haptens they called _____ and must bind to ____?

urushiol, protein

Antibodies directed against one antigen may react unexpectedly with an unrelated antigen

Cross-reactivity

Antibodies are Consists of two pairs of protein and bond by?

heavy and light chain, disulfide bond

Antibodies monomers have a Y shape with an antigen-binding site at the ______________ of the Y. The tail of the Y is the _________.

end of each arm, Fc region

What immunoglobulin has Highest concentrations in serum and also the smallest?

Immunoglobulin G

Immunoglobulin G, Consists of two identical _________and _________heavy chains

light chains, two gamma

What immunoglobulin has second highest concentration in serum and has very large size?

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Considerably more efficient than IgG at complement activation, opsonization, neutralization of viruses and agglutination

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

immunoglobulin, secreted by plasma cells located under body surfaces?

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

immunoglobulin that does not opsonize antigens and does not activate the classical complement pathway

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

Immunoglobulin produced beneath body surfaces and are extremely low concentrations in serum

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Immunoglobulin has important immune response to parasites and shortest half-life (2-3 days)

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Immunoglobulin E (IgE), cannot simply bind and coat antigens but triggers acute inflammation by acting as a signal transducing molecule (signaling molecule) and are found on the surface of _______ and _______?

mast cell and basophil

Which immunoglobulin are unique because it has not been detected in all mammals>

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

Immunoglobulin D (IgD) are absent in?

horses, rabbits and chickens

Immunoglobulin D (IgD) can be destroyed by __________ like ___

mild heat treatment, IgE

What are the four immunoglobulin Variations

Allotypes, Idiotypes, Monoclonal Antibodies, Polyclonal Antibodies

The inherited sequence variations in heavy chain genes of the immunoglobulin

Allotypes

Results from the variations in the amino acid sequences within the variable domains on light and heavy chains

Idiotypes

antibodies specific for one antigen; produced by hybridoma and widely use in research

Monoclonal Antibodies

collection of antibodies from different B cells that recognize multiple epitopes on the same antigen

Polyclonal Antibodies

a measure of the binding strength between an antigenic determinant (epitope) and an antibody binding site (paratope)

Affinity

the total strength of all the interactions in an antibody-antigen complex w

Avidity

part of an antibody that binds antigen

Antigen binding site

presence of large numbers of antibodies that bind different specificities

Diversity

part of an antibody which contains the antigen binding site of the molecule composed of the variable regions of one light chain and one heavy chain

Fab (Fragment antigen binding)

fragment of an antibody molecule lacking the antigen binding sites caused by papain digestion. It contains the constant regions of both the heavy chains from the hinge region to the carboxyl terminus of the molecules

Fc (Fragment crystallizable)

part of an antibody molecule which makes contact with the antigenic determinant

Paratope

residual fluid when blood forms clot and is where antibodies can be found

Serum