Module 1 Biochem Review - Heal 2045 Nutrition

true

Chronic diseases, such as CV disease, DMII, are responsible for 25% of deaths worldwide.

False

Chronic health conditions such as HTN, DMII occur only inn adults

True

The typical American eating pattern is low in fruits, veggies, whole grains, dairy and oils

False

Older adults tend to have worse eating patterns than young and middle-aged adults

True

For most chronic diseases, healthier eating and increased physical activity may provide benefits equal to medication

True

Nutritional care affects the practice of ALL health-care professionals

true

Nurses are typically reaponsible for completing basic nutrition screening

ATP

energy in food is not simply released, but funneled into a compound called..

ATP

provides energy for all energy requiring processes in the cell (energy currency)

major sources of ATP

* lipids/fats
* carbs
* protein
* creatine phosphate

Creating Phosphate

4 to 6 times greater concentration in the cell than ATP, thus, creating phosphate is a reservoir of energy in the cell

Calories in Food

amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celsius

carbs and protein

4kcal/g

Fat

9kcal/g

electron transport

* energy is extracted from food in a series of small steps that involve the transfer of electrons from donor to acceptor molecules (oxidation-reduction)
* cellular oxidation

Cellular oxidation

takes place mostly along the inner surface of mitochondria through the use of dehydrogenase enzymes

2 electrons and 2 protons (H+) join w/ oxygen to form water

Oxidation is complete when..

free energy

released in small amounts in several electron transfers

the last cytochrome aa3

can deliver its electron directly to oxygen

Energy

conserved by the formation of high-energy phosphate bonds in the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Role of O2

* a donor of electrons must be available in the form of NADH or FADH2
* O2 Accepts final electron and H
* Availability of oxygen at the end of the respiratory chain largely determines your capacity for sustained aerobic energy release

phosphorylate ADP to ATP

the energy generated in the breakdown of food serves 1 primary purpose to..

anaerobic

reactions that involve energy transfers that do not require oxygen

Aerobic

reactions involve energy transfers that accompany oxidative phosphorylation

5%

about how many percent of total ATP generated in complete breakdown of glucose is formed in glycolysis “anaerobic” BUT it it provides energy very quickly w/ out oxygen and is crucial during all-out-effort.

pyruvate

What is the end product of glycolysis?

glycolysis

2 pairs of hydrogen atoms are stripped from the substrate and their electrons passed to NAD+ to from NADH during what?

“steady state” condition

During moderate levels of energy metabolism, the mitochondrial capacity for oxidative metabolism is adequate, and pyruvate continues to be broken down this is a..

Glycolysis

* during strenuous exercise the rate of production of NADH exceeds the rate at which it can be processed through the respiratory chain
* Without NAH+ this cannot continue, this presents a problem, so to get more NAD+ we make lactate

Lactic acid

* provides temporary storage for hydrogen
* diffuses rapidly into blood where it is buffered to form lactate
* allows glycolysis to proceed

* energy
* converted back to pyruvate
* converted to glucose through the cori cycle
* converted to glycogen
* many other uses

The lactate that is produced during glycolysis is used for..

Krebs cycle

* takes place in mitochondria
* starts w/ irreversible conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
* Acetyl-Coa is what enters the Krebs cycle
* main function of this is to degrade the acetyl-con to CO2 and H atoms in the mitochondrial matrix
* molecular oxygen does not participate directly in this cycle; it participates in the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation

* 4 CO2
* 2 ATP
* 6 NADH
* 2 FADH2

2 pyruvate generates?

stored lipids

* the most plentiful source of potential energy (average \~100,00 kcal of body fat)
* Humans can store CHO around \~1600kcals (depending on muscle mass)

\

sources of lipids

* triglycerides stored. in muscle cells (especially slow twitch oxidative fibers)
* circulating triglycerides
* circulating free fatty acids

Lipolysis

* triglycerides are stored primarily in adipocytes
* fatty acids diffuse into the blood stream and bind to plasma albumin where they are delivered to the tissues
* triglycerides are carried by lipoprotein complexes

Breakdown of glycerol

* glycerol → 3-phophoglyceraldehyde → pyruvate
* 19 ATP from one glycerol molecule
* fatty acid breakdown proceeds w/ in the mitochondria through a process called beta-oxidation. The fatty acid molecule is progressively cleaved into 2-carbon units

Breakdown of Fatty acids

* FA → acetyl fragments +NADH+FADH2
* For each 18 carbon chain fatty acid molecule 146 ATP are produced from ADP
* Each triglyceride molecule “assuming 18 carbon FFA” generates 457 ATP (including the glycerol) compared to 36 ATP for glucose

\