Module 22-25 Psych SA

Hypnosis

subject responds to hypnotist's suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will occur

Posthypnotic amnesia

subjects' difficulty remembering, events and experiences that happened during hypnosis

Posthypnotic suggestion

suggestion made during hypnosis to be carried out after session is over

Medical benefits of hypnosis

can help overcome addictions and stop people from feeling pain

Ernest Hilgard/ Ice Water Experiment

Hilgard and his colleagues hypnotized participants to believe they were not experiencing pain when they place one hand in ice water, using dissociation and hidden observer

Dissociation

hypnotist can detach a subject from their senses through split consciousness

Hidden Observer

level of a hypnotized person’s awareness that understands what is really happening

State theory

altered state of consciousness, health benefits, HYPNOSIS IS REAL

Role theory

not altered state of consciousness, people play into role, HYPNOSIS IS NOT REAL

Awake

low-volt, high-frequency beta waves (alert)

Drowsy

alpha waves (relaxed, feel like falling)

Stage 1

theta waves (light stage, once a night)

Stage 2

sleep spindles, mixed EEG activity (deep relax)

Stage 3 + 4

progressively more delta waves (deep sleep, restore, growth)

REM

low-volt, high-frequency waves (immobile, dreams, brain active)

NREM v REM

• NREM - brain is quieter and slows down

• REM - brain is more active, more inclined to dream

5 Reasons why we need sleep

• Protects

• Helps us recuperate (repair brain tissue)

• Restore + rebuild fading memories

• Creative thinking

• Growth (pituitary gland releases hormones)

Freudian theory

Dreams are a roadway to unconscious mind

• Manifest content - storyline

• Latent content - meaning

Activation Synthesis

cerebral cortex interprets random electrical activity DREAMS MEAN NOTHING

Information Processing

dreams are a way to deal with stress, more stress = more dreams

Sleep Apnea

Stop breathing during sleep

• wake up, gasp, go back to sleep

• obesity

Narcolepsy

fall asleep without control

• Caused by sleeplessness -> directly into REM

• Triggered by excitement

• Chemical

Night Terrors

High arousal, terrified

• Caused by disruption in sleep pattern

• Rarely remembered

• NOT NIGHTMARE (in NREM-3 sleep)

Somnambulism (sleepwalking)

walking during NREM-3/4

• Childhood

• Inheritable

Addiction

compulsive craving of drugs/behaviors despite known consequences

• Root of Substance Abuse Disorder

Substance Abuse Disorder

continued substance craving despite significant life disruption/risk

Tolerance

with continued use of substance, user’s brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug’s effect

Synergic Effect

when taking 2+ drugs, their combined effect is greater than the sum of their effects alone

Stimulants

increase activity, (physical + psycho) AGONIST/ REUPTAKE INHIBITOR

• Caffeine, nicotine, meth, cocaine

Depressants

calms activity, (physical +psycho) ANTAGONIST

• Alcohol, Barbiturates

Hallucinogens

alters perception of reality, psychological

• Marijuana, LSD, mushrooms

Opiates

depressant + hallucinogenic, flood the brain with artificial endorphins AGONIST

Agonist

Antagonist

block neurotransmitters

Reuptake Inhibitors

Stop reuptake process, forces surrounding cells to absorb neurotransmitters