exam 1 health and disease

health

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease

10 dimesions of wellness

emotional, career, social, spiritual, physical, financial, intellectual, creative, environmental, digital

disease

an objective state of ill health

illness

subjective experience of loss of health

ottawa charter priority areas

strengthen community action, develop personal skills, enable mediate advocate, build healthy public policy, reorient health services, create a supportive environment

health promotion

the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health

building healthy public policy

placing health agenda on policy makers to make the healthier choice easier

create supportive environments

protect natural and built environments and assess the health impact of environmental change

strengthen community action

empowering communities to set priorities, make decisions, and plans to implement strategies for their own health

develop personal skills

providing information, education, and life-skills to support personal and social development

reorient health services

shift health focus beyond clinical and curative services

advocate, enable, mediate

defending or promoting a cause, everyone can achieve their fullest health potential, coordinate action from many sectors

digital wellness

considers the impact of virtual presence and use of technology on their overall well-being by taking steps to create sustainable habits that support their values, goals, community, and safety

environmental wellness

recognizes the responsibility to preserve, protect, and improve the environment and appreciates the interconnectedness of nature and the individua

intellectual wellness

values lifelong learning and seeks to foster critical thinking, develop moral reasoning, expand worldviews and engage in education for the pursuit of knowledge

social wellness

has a network of support based on interdependence, mutual trust, respect, and has developed a sensitivity and awareness towards the feelings of others

career wellness

engages in work to gain personal satisfaction and enrichment, consistent with values, goals, and lifestyle

spiritual wellness

seeks harmony and balance by openly exploring the depth of human purpose, meaning and connection through dialogue and self-reflection

physical wellness

gets an adequate amount of sleep, eats a balanced and nutritious diet, engages in exercise for 150 minutes per week, attends regular medical check-ups and practices safe and healthy sexual relations

emotional wellness

can identify, express, and manage the entire range of feelings and would consider seeking assistance to address areas of concern

financial wellness

fully aware of financial state and budgets, saves and manages finances in order to achieve realistic goals

culture wellness

values and actively participates in a diverse range of arts and cultural experiences as a means to understand and appreciate the surrounding world

primary prevention examples

vaccines, seatbelts, health diet and exercise, sunscreen

secondary prevention

screenings, routine lab work

tertiary prevention

physical therapy, rehabilitation centers, disease managment

principles of health promotion

holistic, equitable, multi-strategy, participatory, multisectoral

holistic

health is influnced by many factors, not just disease

equitable

everyone should have a fair oppurtunity to achieve good health

multi-strategy

using more than 1 approach to improve health

participatory

people should be involved in decisions that affect their health

multisectoral

requires collaboration across different sectors

top-down approach

strategies are designed and led by experts. institutions, or policy makers that are implemented into communities

bottom-up approach

strategies are developed by the community to emphasize local knowledge, engagment, and empowerment

determinants of health

social and economic environment, physical environment, person’s indivdual characteristics and behaviors

proximal

direct impact on the health of an individual (closest to a person)

distal

indirectly affect health (distance in time or place)

social determinants of health

social status, support, food, housing, education, work, stress, transportation, environment, access to health services

health disparity

differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality and burden of diseases and other adverse health outcomes that exists in a population

health inequality

differences in population health that can be traced to unequal economic and social conditions that are systematic and unavoidable

health education

informing people on how to b e healthy

health protection

safety of populations through laws

health promotion

reduce and avoid diseases that cause ill health

addressing social determinants of health

patient level screening and referral, practice/institutional workflow changes, community/policy level advocacy

positive measure of health

direct relationship with healthiness (the higher the value, the healthier the population)

negative measure of health

indirect relationship with healthiness (the higher the value, the worse health a population has)

epidemiology

study of occurence and spread of diseases in population

mortality rate

number of deaths

morbidity rate

frequency of disease

excess deaths

observed deaths - expected deaths

crude death rate

number of deaths per 1000 people

infant mortality rate

number of infant deaths per 1000 live births

standardized mortality rate

adjusts for differences in population and allows for comparision

#1 major cause of death

heart disease

dimesions of subjective health

functional ability, health status, psychological well-being, social networks/support, life satisfaction and positive morale

prevalance

number of people with a disease

incidence

number of new cases of a disease

objective factors of measuring health

health measures, health behavior indicators, socioeconomic and deprivation indicators, environmental factors

quaternary prevention

avoiding antibiotics, less testing, preventing overtreatment

modifiable determinants of health

diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, stress

non-modifiable

age, genetics, family history, sex, ethnicity