EXAM PRAC TEST MIX (Lymphatic/Blood/Immune)

Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ____.
A) Lymph follicles
B) lymph nodes
C) axillary nodes
D) Cisterna chyli

B) lymph nodes

Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure?

A) pancreas
B) spleen
C) tonsils
D) Peyer's patches of the intestine

A) pancreas

The distal portion of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called ________.

A) islets of Langerhans
B) Peyer's patches
C) rugae
D) villi

B) Peyer's patches

Both lymph and venous blood flow are heavily dependent on ________.

A) the pumping action of the heart
B) skeletal muscle contractions and differences in thoracic pressures due to respiratory movement
C) contraction of the vessels themselves
D) two-way valves

B) skeletal muscle contractions and differences in thoracic pressures due to respiratory movement

The thymus is most active during _____.
A) fetal development
B) childhood
C) middle age
D) old age

B) childhood

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?
A) lumbar trunk
B) thoracic duct
C) right lymphatic duct
D) cisterna chyli

C) right lymphatic duct

What effect does age have on the size of the thymus?
A) The size of the thymus increases continuously from birth to death.
B) The size of the thymus decreases continuously from birth to death.
C) The thymus is not affected by age.
D) The thymus initially increases in size and then decreases in size from adolescence through old age.

D) The thymus initially increases in size and then decreases in size from adolescence through old age.

The lymphatic capillaries are ________.
A) more permeable than blood capillaries
B) less permeable than blood capillaries
C) as permeable as blood capillaries
D) completely impermeable

A) more permeable than blood capillaries

Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________.
A) T lymphocytes
B) plasma cells
C) lymph nodes
D) medullary cords

B) plasma cells

Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________.
A) efferent lymphatic vessels
B) afferent lymphatic vessels
C) the cortical sinus
D) the subscapular sinus

A) efferent lymphatic vessels

Which cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones?
A) basophils
B) lymphocytes
C) macrophages
D) monocytes

B) lymphocytes

Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ________.
A) removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood
B) forming crypts that trap bacteria
C) storage of blood platelets
D) storage of iron

B) forming crypts that trap bacteria.

When the lymphatic structures are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________.
A) shrinkage of tissues distal to the blockage due to inadequate delivery of lymph
B) severe localized edema distal to the blockage
C) increased pressure in the lymphatics proximal to the blockage
D) abnormally high lymph drainage from the distal region

B) severe localized edema distal to the blockage

Select the correct statement about lymph transport.
A) Under normal conditions, lymph vessels are very high-pressure conduits.
B) Lymph transport is faster than that occurring in veins.
C) Lymph transport is only necessary when illness causes tissue swelling.
D) Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.

D) Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.

Select the correct statement about lymphocytes.
A) The two main types are T cells and macrophages.
B) B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood.
C) T cells are the precursors of B cells.
D) T cells are the only form of lymphocyte found in lymphoid tissue.

B) B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood.

Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue.
A) Once a lymphocyte enters the lymphoid tissue, it resides there permanently.
B) Lymphoid macrophages secrete antibodies into the blood.
C) Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue.
D) T lymphocytes act by ingesting foreign substances.

C) Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue.

Which of the following is not a mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)?

A) tonsil
B) thymus
C) Peyer's patch
D) appendix

B) thymus

Lymph capillaries are absent in all but which of the following?
A) bones and teeth
B) bone marrow
C) CNS
D) digestive organs

D) digestive organs

The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not:
A) have lymphocytes
B) produce hormones
C) have a cortex and medulla
D) directly fight antigens

D) directly fight antigens.

Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the ________.
A) inguinal region
B) cervical region
C) axillary region
D) lower extremities

D) lower extremities

Which of the following is not a method that maintains lymph flow?

A) skeletal muscle contraction
B) breathing
C) valves in lymph vessel walls
D) smooth muscle contraction

D) smooth muscle contraction.

Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph?
A) water
B) plasma proteins
C) red blood cells
D) ions

C) red blood cells

Which of the following are functions of lymphoid tissue?
A) house and provide a proliferation site for lymphocytes
B) house and provide a proliferation site for neutrophils
C) furnish an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages
D) A and C

D) A and C

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?
A) draining excess interstitial fluid
B) carrying out immune responses
C) transporting dietary fats
D) transporting respiratory gases

D) transporting respiratory gases

Which of the following is not a function of lymph nodes?
A) act as lymph filters and activate the immune system
B) produce lymphoid cells and granular WBCs
C) produce lymph fluid and cerebro-spinal fluid
D) serve as antigen surveillance areas

C) produce lymph fluid and cerebro-spinal fluid

T/F Dietary fats are absorbed by lacteals of the small intestine

T

Red blood cells, found in lymphatic vessels and organs, help defend the body against disease (T/F)

F - white blood cells, found in lymphatic vessels and organs, help defend the body against disease.

T/F - Edema can result from a failure of the lymphatic system to collect and transport fluid

T

T/F - Lymphatic vessels have valves that work to ensure one-way flow of lymph

T

Contraction of skeletal muscles very important to lymph movement (T/F)

T

The spleen and thymus are primary lymphatic organs (T/F)

F - red bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphatic organs

Lymphocytes originate and/or mature in primary lymphatic organs (T/F)

T

Interleukins are a rare type of antibody used to fight cancer (T/F)

F - interleukins are type of cytokine used to fight cancer

There are fewer T cells as we age because thymus decreases in size (T/F)

T

The respiratory system is important to the movemenet of blood, but not the movement of lymph (T/F)

F - respiratory system important to movement of blood AND lymph

T/F - Lacteals, Peyer’s patches, and the appendix are parts of the digestive system that aid the lymphatic and immune systems

T

Which are the functions of the lymphatic system? Check all that apply.

a. return excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream

b. produce blood cells

c. fight infections

d. absorb fat-soluble nutrients in the digestive tract

e. transport nutrients to the liver for processing

A, C, D

If the first lines of defense are penetrated by a disease-causing agent, the second line of defense will engage. Which are examples of the second line of defense? Choose all that apply.

a. inflammatory reaction

b. Natural killer (NK) cells

c. Physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes

d. chemical barriers such as stomach acid

A, B

Which describe complement? Choose all that apply.
a. Most complement proteins are made by T lymphocytes
b. One type of complement protein is interferon
c. They are a group of plasma proteins
d. Some can poke holes in bacteria and cause them to rupture

C, D

Which are true about the actions of antibodies? Choose all that apply.
a. antibodies bind to an antigen, marking it for destruction by phagocytes
b. antibodies poke holes in bacteria, causing them to burst
c. antibodies initiate the inflammatory response by causing capillaries to become leaky
d. antibodies coat bacterial toxins, disabling them

A, D

Cytotoxic T cells can attack (choose all that apply):
a. antibodies
b. antigens
c. viral-infected cells
d. cancerous cells

B, C, D

Besides cytotoxic T cells, what are the other types of T cells? Choose all that apply.
a. Memory T cells
b. Suppressor T cells
c. Helper T cells
d. Plasma cells
e. Monocyte T cells
f. Natural killer cells

B, C

Which of the following form a continuous loop; fluid flows in one direction, but ends where it started, and continues in the same loop?
a. lymphatic vessels
b. blood vessels
c. both blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

B

Blood is pushed through ____ by the pumping action of the heart
a. lymphatic vessels
b. blood vessels
c. both blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

B

Special lymphatic capillaries in the small intestines are called
a. lymph nodes
b. lacteals
c. villi
d. lymph

B

Lymph vessels are similar to cardiovascular
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries

B

Which lymphatic structure enters the subclavian vein?
a. lymphatic duct
b. lymphatic vessel
c. lymphatic trunk
d. all apply

A

Edema is
a. cancer of the lymphoid tissue
b. swelling of lymph nodes due to infection
c. swelling due to excess tissue fluid
d. infection of a lymphatic vessel

C

The ability of the body to react to antigens and remain free of disease is
a. immunity
b. homeostasis
c. immaturity
d. responsiveness

A

What does red bone marrow do?
a. produces red blood cells
b. produces white blood cells
c. produces red and white blood cells
d. none apply

C

What type of immune cell reaches maturity in the thymus?
a. B lymphocytes
b. Neutrophils
c. Monocytes
d. T lymphocytes

D

Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphatic organ?
a. thymus gland
b. spleen
c. lymph nodes
d. tonsils

A

The red pulp in the spleen contains
a. macrophages
b. lymphocytes
c. worn out red blood cells
d. all apply

D

The white pulp of the spleen contains
a. macrophages
b. lymphocytes
c. worn out red blood cells
d. all apply

B

The tonsils are composed of
a. Peyer's patches
b. lymphatic nodules
c. stem cells

B

Which of the following are found in lymph nodes?
a. B lymphocytes
b. Macrophages
c. T lymphocytes
d. All apply

D

Secondary lymphatic organs are where lymphocytes will
a. learn to recognize self cells
b. grow and mature
c. encounter and bind to antigens
d. differentiate into different types of lymphocytes

C

The spleen filters _______; the lymph nodes filter ______.
a. lymph; lymph
b. blood; lymph
c. blood; blood
d. lymph; blood

B

Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific defense mechanism?
a. barriers to entry
b. antibodies
c. inflammation
d. phagocytosis

B

The inflammatory reaction is a ____ defense mechanism involving chemical factors such as ______
a. specific; antigens
b. specific; histamine
c. nonspecific; histamine
d. nonspecific; antibodies

C

Lysozyme is found in
a. tears
b. saliva
c. urine
d. both tears and saliva

D

During an inflammatory reaction, macrophages release ____, chemicals that prompt bone marrow to produce more leukocytes
a. colony-stimulating factors
b. leukokinins
c. histamines
d. bradykinins
e. karyocyte growth factors

A

____, released by damaged tissue and mast cells, causes capillaries to dilate and become more permeable
a. serotonin
b. histamine
c. lysozyme
d. complement

B

What occurs because of increased capillary permeability at the site of inflammation?
a. escaped fluids cause swelling
b. increased pressure from fluid causes pain
c. clotting factors move into tissues
d. all apply

D

What nonspecific cells kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells by cell to cell contact?
a. Mast cells
b. Natural killer cells
c. T lymphocytes
d. B lymphocytes

B

Interferon is a defense against
a. bacteria-infected cells
b. virus-infected cells
c. fungus-infected cells
d. all apply

B - notify neighbors preventing further cells from getting infected

Portions of bacteria, viruses, molds, parasites, and cancer cells that cause specific responses from the immune system are called
a. antibodies
b. macrophages
c. antigens
d. interferons

C

B cells are responsible for
a. cell-mediated immunity
b. inflammation
c. antibody-mediated immunity
d. nonspecific immunity

C

Once a B cell has been activated by a specific antigen (an antigen binds to an antigen receptor on the B cell membrane), it will divide, making many copies itself. This process is known as
a. apoptosis
b. clonal selection
c. induced immunity

d. hypersensitivity

B

Under the influence of cytokines from helper T cells, B cells enlarge and divide, forming
a. plasma cells
b. memory cells
c. helper cells
d. plasma cells and memory cells

D

Antibody-mediated immunity is also known as
a. cell-mediated immunity
b. neural-mediated immunity
c. humoral immunity
d. hormonal immunity

C

Antibodies bind to
a. foreign substances
b. antigens
c. bacteria
d. all apply

D

Which of the following is NOT true of antibodies
a. they have a constant region that binds to an antigen
b. they are a Y-shaped protein molecule
c. They are five classes of antibodies

A

Which of the following is NOT an action of antibodies with the antigen?
a. Neutralize bacterial toxins by coating them
b. Make a cluster of antigen-antibody complexes
c. Make the antigen more susceptible to phagocytosis
d. All of the choices are actions of antibodies

D

T cells are responsible for
a. antibody-mediated immunity
b. cell-mediated immunity
c. plasma cells
d. memory cells

B

T cells
a. are activated by an antigen-presenting cell
b. may stimulate B cells
c. release cytokines
d. All apply

D

An antigen-presenting cell (APC) is a
a. red blood cell
b. macrophage or B cell
c. basophil or helper T cell
d. memory cell

B

What happens after a T cell has been activated for a specific antigen?
a. produces cytokines
b. undergoes clonal expansion
c. produces antibodies
d. both produces cytokines and undergoes clonal expansion

D

cytotoxic T cells may attack
a. antigen-bearing cells
b. cancer cells
c. virus-infected cells
d. all apply

D

Which molecule from a cytotoxic T cell creates holes in plasma membranes of virus-infected or cancer cells?
a. cytokine
b. interleukin
c. perforin
d. interferon

C

Cytokines used as immunotherapeutic drugs can
a. cause cancer cells to undergo apoptosis
b. enhance T cell activity against cancer cells
c. increase antibody activity against cancer cells
d. all apply

B

Active immunity
a. occurs when antibodies are given
b. occurs as a result of exposure to antigens
c. means that antibodies are not made by the recipient
d. occurs against an individual's own tissue

B

Which is an example of passive immunity?
a. an injection of a weakened virus
b. the transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus through the placenta
c. becoming sick with a virus

B

A vaccine contains
a. antigens
b. antibodies
c. antihistamines
d. lymphocytes

A

After being exposed to hepatitis A, a patient is injected with anti-hepatitis antibodies. this is an example of
a. artificial active immunity
b. artificial passive immunity
c. natural active immunity
d. natural passive immunity

B

After being exposed to hepatitis A, a patient is injected with anti-hepatitis antibodies. this is an example of
a. artificial active immunity
b. artificial passive immunity
c. natural active immunity
d. natural passive immunity

C

In which case does the recipient start making antibodies to the specific disease?
a. passive immunity
b. active immunity
c. when given the antibodies
d. passive immunity and when given the antibodies

B

As a child, you had the chicken pox. You are exposed to chicken pox several years later, but you do not get them again. What kind of immunity do you have?
a. natural active
b. artificial active
c. natural passive
d. artificial passive

A

A mother who had the measles as a child, has a baby. At the age of 1 month, the baby is exposed to measles, but does not get sick. What kind of immunity does the baby have?
a. natural active
b. artificial active
c. natural passive
d. artificial passive

C

Tissue rejection from transplants occurs because
a. the HLA antigens of the donor do not match the recipient
b. too many antibodies from the donor were transferred to the recipient during transplantation
c. the immune system attacks "self" cells

A

What is meant by an autoimmune disease?
a. antibodies are produced automatically
b. antibodies act against the individual's own tissue
c. antibodies are not produced
d. antigens resist antibodies

B

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the immune system?
a. response to vaccines increases
b. a reduced amount of T cells that do not respond to foreign antigens
c. B cells do not clone
d. Thymus gland degenerates

A

Which of the following is NOT a B cell problem in aging?
a. antibodies do not function well
b. Clones fail to form
c. Antibodies attack self cells
d. Incidence of cancer increases

D

An advantage to adaptive immunity is ________.

A. the ability of its individual cells to respond to many different pathogens
B. its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen
C. its need for several cells to be activated over several days on first exposure
D. the use of antibodies that cause cell lysis and kill invading cells

B. its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen

Overlap in the innate and adaptive immune system is seen in all of the following examples but one. Which of the following examples does not illustrate the overlap of innate and adaptive immune responses?
A. Macrophages becoming activated macrophages in response to cytokines released by T-helper cells.
B. Plasma cells that produce large amounts of IgE that will ultimately allow mast cells to release histamine.
C. Dendritic cells presenting antigens on their MHC II proteins to T-helper cells.
D. NK cells causing apoptosis of an abnormal host cell, lacking MHC proteins.

D. NK cells causing apoptosis of an abnormal host cell, lacking MHC proteins.

A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is ________.

A. the flu has several strains that change seasonally

B. the polio virus is substantially weaker than the flu virus

C. exposure to flu vaccine produces no memory cells from proliferating B-lymphocytes

D. the flu vaccine is substantially weaker than the polio vaccine

A. the flu has several strains that change seasonally

Vaccines work by ________.

A. providing the necessary antibodies to fight infections

B. boosting innate immunity with cytokines

C. priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure

D. suppressing inflation to help speed healing

C. priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure

Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ________.

A. allowing the organelles to spill free from the bacteria

B. disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane

C. providing a passage for antibodies to enter into the bacterial cytosol

D. penetrating the capsule of the bacteria giving antibiotic drugs access to bacterial cells

B. disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane

All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does not describe the classical pathway of complement activation.

A. Classical activation will result in enhanced inflammation, opsonization as well as formation of MAC proteins.

B. It is an example of overlap between innate and adaptive immune function.

C. It activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them.

D. It requires that circulating antibodies are bound to antigens.

C. It activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them.

B-lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is not one of the reasons B-lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?

A. They require costimulation from an activated T-helper cell.

B. They produce memory cells when activated.

C. Their receptors will bind to only one antigen.

D. They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.

D. They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.