Cellular division, cell diversity and cellular organisation

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what is the cell cycle a process of?

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the process that all body cells in multicellular organisms use to grow and divide

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what does interphase involve?

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cell growth and dna replication

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59 Terms

1
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what is the cell cycle a process of?

the process that all body cells in multicellular organisms use to grow and divide

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what does interphase involve?

cell growth and dna replication

3
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what does m phase involve

  • mitosis and cytokinesis

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define mitosis?

  • nuclear division

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define cytokinesis?

  • cytoplasmic division

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what 3 separate growth stages is interphase separated into?

  • G1, S and G2

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what is the cell cycle regulated by?

checkpoints

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what do checkpoints help to ensure?

  • to ensure that it is ok for the cell cycle to continue

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what is mitosis necessary for?

  • the growth of multicellular organisms and repairing damaged tissues

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is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction?

asexual reproduction

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what division stages make up mitosis?

  • prophase

  • metaphase

  • anaphase

  • telophase

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what process comes before mitosis in the cell cycle?

interphase

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what happens at interphase?

  • the cell prepares to divide

  • its dna is unravelled and it is replicated

  • organelles also replicated so it has spare ones

  • atp content increases

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what happens at prophase?

  • chromosomes condense and become visible

  • centrioles start moving to opposite ends of the cell forming a spindle

  • the nuclear membrane breaks down and chromosomes are free in the cytoplasm

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what happens at the metaphase?

  • chromosomes attach to the spindle and line up along the middle of the cell

  • at the metaphase checkpoint the cell checks that all the chromosomes are attached to the spindle before mitosis can continue

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what happens at anaphase?

  • the centromeres divide separating each pair of sister chromatids

  • spindles contract pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

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what happens at telophase?

  • the chromatids reach the opposite poles of the spindle

  • they uncoil and become long and thin again

  • they are now called chromosomes again

  • a nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes so there are now 2 nuclei

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what happens in cytokinesis?

  • the cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells which are genetically identical to the parent cell and eachother

19
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how to view chromosomes under a microscope?

  • prepare a squash slide of plant root cells

  • this then makes chromosomes easier to see after they have been stained

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how is a zygote formed insexual reproduction?

  • two gametes ( an egg and a sperm) join together at fertilisation to form a zygote

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define meiosis?

  • a type of cell division that happens in the reproductive organs to produce gametes

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define haploid cells?

  • cells with half the number or chromosomes

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what 2 divisions does meiosis invlovle?

meiosis I and meiosis II

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what 4 stages is meiosis split into?

  • prophase

  • metaphase

  • anaphase

  • telaphase

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what stage does meiosis begin with?

interphase

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what happens in the interphase?

  • dna unravels and replicates to form double armed chromosomes called sister chromatids

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what happens in prophase I?

  • the chromosomes condense then get shorter

  • they arrange themselves into homologous pairs and cross over

  • centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell forming spindle fibres

  • nuclear envelope breaks down

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what happens in metaphase 1?

  • the homologous pairs atatch o the spindle fibres by their centromeres

  • they line up across the centre of the cell

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what happens in anaphase 1?

  • the spindles contract separating the homologous pairs

  • one chromosome goes to each end of the cell

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what happens in telophase 1?

  • cytokinesis occurs

  • 2 haploid daughter cells are produced

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what happens in anaphase II?

  • the pairs of sister chromatids are separated

  • each new daughter cell inherits one chromatid from each chromosome

  • 4 genetically different daughter cells are produced

  • these are gametes

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in prophase 1 what takes place after the homologous pairs of chromosomes come together and pair up?

  • the chromosomes twist around each other and pair up

  • the chromosomes contain the same gene but have a different combination of alleles

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define stem cells?

undifferentiated cells which can become specialised to carry out a particular function

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how can stem cells in early embryos develop?

into any type of human cell

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how can stem cells in adults develop?

into a limited range of human cells

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what is the name of the process by which a stem cell becomes specialised for its job?

  • differentiation

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what can stem cells be used for in humans?

  • to replace damaged cells

  • make new skin cells

  • make new blood cells

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what can stem cells be used for in plants?

  • needed to make new shoots and roots throughout their lives

  • can differentiate into various tissue e.g phloem and xylem

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what are erythrocytes also known as?

red blood cells

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what are neutrophils also known as?

white blood cells

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what can stem cells within bone marrow differentiate into?

blood cells

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where are stem cells found in plants?

  • the meristems

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how are neutrophils specialised for their function?

  • flexible shape allows them to engulf pathogens or foreign particles

  • lysosomes within their cytoplasm contain digestive enzymes to break down engulfed particles

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how are erythrocytes specialised for their function?

  • biconcave disc shape provides a large surface area to volume ratio for gas exchange

  • no nucleus so more room for haemoglobin

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how are epithelial cells specialised for their function?

  • cilliated epithelia in airways have cilia to beat particles away

  • squamous epithelia in lungs are very thin for efficient diffusion for gases

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how are sperm cells specialised for their function?

  • flagellum to swim to egg

  • lots of mitochondria to provide energy to swim

  • acrosome contains digestive enzymes to enable sperm to penetrate surface of egg

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how are palisade mesophyll cells specialised for their function?

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how are root hair cells specialised for their function?

  • contain many chloroplasts to absorb lots of sunlight

  • thin walls so carbon dioxide can easily diffuse into the cell

  • large surface area for absorbtion

  • thin permeable cell wall for entry of water and ions

  • cytoplasm contains lots of mitochondria to provide energy for active transport

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how are guard cells specialised for their function?

50
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what are squamous epithelium cells and where are they found?

  • a single layer of flat cells lining a surface

  • found on alveoli and lungs

51
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what are ciliated epithelium and where are they found?

  • a layer of cells covered in cilia

  • found on surfaces where things need to be moved

  • in trachea for instance where cilia waft mucus along

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define muscle tissue?

  • bundles of elongated cells called muscle fibres

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state the 3 different types of muscle tissue?

  • smooth muscle- found in lining of stomach wall

  • cardiac muscle- found in heart

  • skeletal muscle- you use to move

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what is cartilage and where is it found?

  • a type of connective tissue found in the joints

  • also supports ears nose and windpipe

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what are the 2 types of plant tissue?

  • xylem tissue

  • phloem tissue

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function of the xylem?

  • transports water and minerals up the stem

  • supports the plant

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function of phloem?

  • transport sugars around the plant and arranged into tubes

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what do organs work together to form?

  • organ systems

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