Why are plasma membranes selectively permeable?
to control what goes in and out of the cell
How do small nonpolar molecules, hydrophilic substance or large polar molecules and polar uncharged molecules (water) move across the plasma membrane
small nonpolar molecules can diffuse across the plasma membrane, larger polar molecules need to use protein channels to move into the cell
Integral proteins
permanently embedded in the plasma membrane
Transmembrane proteins
goes through the entire plasma membrane and is a type of integral protein - job is to move larger particles into and out of the cell
Peripheral proteins
attached to the surface on both the inside and outside of the plasma membrane and is more temporary - often attached to integral proteins
Glycolipids
lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond and plays a role in maintaining stability of the cell membrane and also facilitates cellular recognition
Glycoproteins
A molecule that consists of a carbohydrate plus a protein and are heavily involved with the immune system
Aquaporins
protein channels specifically for the transport of water molecules across the cell membrane - used in osmosis
Phagocytosis
a type of endocytosis where psudopodia is used to engulf a food particle and pack it in a food vesicle for transport
Pinocytosis
when a cell continously gulps droplets of extracellular fluid into vesicles made by the infolding of plasma membrane and the molecules dissolved in droplet is what the cell gets
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
more specilised version of pinocytosis where theres receptors on the outside of the plasma membrane exposed to extracellular fluid that allow for specific solutes to bind onto it and this allows the cell to get in bulk certain substances
Sodium-potassium pump
3 NA+ for 2 K+
helps to maintain resting membrane potential
initially open to the inside of the cell and has spots for sodium ions to bind onto
causes electrochemical gradient
Hypotonic
when the concentration of solute is lower outside the cell and this causes water to move towards/ into the cell - will lead to cell swelling up and bursting eventually
Hypertonic
when solute concentration is greater outside the cell which causes water to move out of the cell into the solution -leads to shrivaling of cell
Osmoregulation
regulation of solute concentration and water balance
Ions channels
specialized proteins in the plasma membrane that provides a passageway where charged ions can cross the plasma membrane down their electrochemical gradient.
passive
Gated channels
has specific binding site for a given molecule or ion and a stimulus which can cause gate to open or close
ex: voltage gated, mechano stimulated, ligand gated
Membrane potential
→ the difference in electric potential between the interior and exterior of a biological cell.
resting membrane potential: determined by the uneven distribution of ions between the inside and the outside of the cell, and the different permeability of the membrane to different types of ions.
Electrochemical gradient
determines the direction that ions will flow through an open ion channel and is a combination of two types of gradients: an ion concentration gradient and an electrical field gradient
Electrogenic pump
An ion pump that generates net flow of charge
→ ex: sodium potassium pump
Proton pump
uses energy to transport protons from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the inter-membrane space
Cotransport
where a transport protein can couple it’s ‘downhill’ diffusion to the ‘uphill’ transport of a second substance against it’s gradiant
secondary active transport
uses electrochemical gradiant - kinda uses the energy generated from primary transport to move molecules against their concentration gradiant
Exocytosis
transports molecules out of the cell
vesicle containing secretory protein buds off of golgi
vesicle travels along microtuble to the cell membrane
the outside of the vesicle binds to cell membrane
the membranes fuse and releases protein out of cell
vesicle membrane becomes part of cell membrane
Endocytosis
transports molecules into the cell
Turgid
state of cell when it’s swollen after being put in hypotonic solution
Plasmolysis
the process of contraction or shrinkage of the protoplasm of a plant cell and is caused due to the loss of water in the cell
flaccid state of plant cell
Deplasmolysis
basically turgid state of plant cell
the swelling of a plasmolyzed cell - unshrivels
Flaccid
state of cell when it shrivels up after being put in hypertonic solution
Concentration gradient
flowing from high to low
water potential equation
Gives us a quantified way to determine where the water will move.
pressure potential
Pressure Potential (Ψp) is how much pressure is being exerted on the cell or solution - Pressure exerted by either the atmosphere, for solutions in an open beaker or the cell wall/membrane, for solutions inside of cells
always 0 in ap bio bc we use beakers
solute potential
Measure of the amount of solute dissolved in the solvent (water in this case).
Solute potential is given a negative value because adding solute to a solution always decreases the overall water potential.
tonicity
the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
osmosis
the simple diffusion of water.
predicting water movement in osmosis
Step 1: Figure out which side of the membrane has the higher concentration of water.
step 2: Remember that water will move toward the side of the membrane that has less water
At 20°C, a cell containing 0.6M glucose is in equilibrium with its surrounding solution containing 0.5M glucose in an open container. What is the cell’s ΨP?
-2.4 bars
At 20°C, a cell with ΨP of 3 bars is in equilibrium with its surrounding 0.4M solution of sucrose in an open beaker. what is the molar concentration of sucrose in the cell
0.52 M
A plant cell with Ψs of -7.5 bars keeps a constant volume when immersed in an open-beaker solution that has a Ψs of -4 bars. what is the cell’s ΨP
-3.5 bars
Carrier protein
specific for an ion molecule or group of substances and changes shape after the binding of of an ion/ molecule to carry it across the membrane
turgor pressure
the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall
functions of membrane proteins
helps cells to communicate, maintain their shape, carry out changes triggered by chemical messengers, and transport and share material.
fluid mosiac model
the membrane is fluid with the molecules moving and the membrane itself being able to bend - not static