Exam 2 questions for consideration

what are the 3 main zones of the cell

membrane, nucleus, cytosol

what does cytosol contain?

organelles, cytoskeleton, nucleus

difference between smooth/rough ER

ribosomes

purpose of Golgi Apparatus

imports, exports & packages vesicles

what do mitochondria contain

double membrane, cristie, matrix

difference between lysosomes & peroxisomes

lysosomes are larger, help with phagocytosis

peroxisomes are meant for degrading toxins/bad things

three cytoskeletal elements?

microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

which muscle types are striated

skeletal & cardiac

which muscle types are under voluntary control

skeletal

which muscle types are under involuntary/autonomous control

cardiac and smooth

what are the levels of organization of skeletal muscle

Whole muscle

Muscle fasciculus

Muscle Fiber

Myofibril

Sarcomere

Thin Filaments

Thick Filaments

Myosin Molecules

what are three connective tissues associated with skeletal muscle

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

what structure surround the myofibril

sarcotubules, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

what is the difference between a myofilament & a myofibril

myofibrils are made of myofilaments

where is actin located

thin filaments

where is myosin located

thick filaments

what is a sarcomere

functional unit of muscle

why is a sarcomere important

contracts to pull Z-bands

what proteins are associated with thin filaments

actin, tropomyosin, troponins

what proteins are associated with thick filaments

myosin

location of sarcomere

in muscle fibers

location of myofibrils

tissue found in skeletal muscle

A band location

center of sarcomeres

I band location

between two myosin (thick) filaments

location of Z band

center of I band

structures associated with a nerve

dendrites, cell body, nucleus, axon, axon terminal

motor neuron origin

brain & spinal cord

what are terminal axons

the tiny “legs” axons split into

connect to motor end plate

action potential travels down them

motor end plate basic structure

embedded into muscle fiber

terminal axons are connected to them

where are MEP located

center of muscle

how many Motor End Plates per muscle fiber

1:1

which proteins are essential for contraction

actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosinw

Where is Calcium stored in skeletal muscle

terminal cisternae

where is Calcium stored in cardiac muscle

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

what causes the release of Calcium from the SR in skeletal muscle

Action potential traveling down the T-tubule

how does Ca cause muscle contractions

Ca binds to troponin

changes the shape of the thin filament

the myosin heads bind to actin

major differences in skeletal and cardiac muscle

cardiac has no motor end plates

connected by intercalated disks

branched

Structure present in Cardiac muscle and not in skeletal

intercalated disks

Which proteins are essential for contraction

myosin & actin

where is Ca stored

mostly in circulation

some in SR

functions of gap junctions

connects adjacent cells to spread action potential

function of channels

depolarize and let Ca in

How do calmodulin & kinase cause contraction

Ca bonds to Calmodulin

activates Kinase

Using ATP kinase binds phosphate to myosin

phosphorylated myosin binds to actin

muscle contracts

why do type I muscle fibers producme more energy from fatty acids and ketone bodies than type 8 muscle fibers

they have a lot of mitochondria, especially compared to type 8

carbohydrate hydrolysis product

glucose

protein hydrolysis product

amino acid

fat hydrolysis product

fatty acids

where are chylomicrons produced

small intestine

where are low density lipoproteins produced

liver

what is the importance of ATP production by mitochondria from fatty acids and ketone bodies

more efficient at oxidizing & glycolysis

more bang for your buck

how does the body maintain glucose homeostasis during fasting

inter organ exchange of nutrients/energy