Grasshopper Anatomy, Plant Adaptations, ECOLOGY LAB 6: INSECT DICHOTOMOUS KEY

Tagmata

head, thorax, abdomen

Tracheal System

In insects, a system of branched, air-filled tubes that extends throughout the body and carries oxygen directly to cells.

Compound Eyes

Composed of numerous ommatidia

Dorsal Ocelli

Help in horizon detection

Antennae

Involved in chemoreception

Scape

A

Thickest, articulates with socket

Pedicel

B

Shorter than scape

Flagellum

C

Subdivided into many flagellomere

Setaceous

Filiform

Lubber Grasshopper antennae

Clubbed

Lamellate

Geniculate

Labrum

1

Hardened sclerite, articulates with clypeus

Frons

7

Mandible

2

Maxillae

6

Maxillary Palpus

6 Antennae

Labium

4

Prothorax

Mesothorax

Spiracles are located here

Metathorax

Coxa

1

Trochanter

2

Femur

6

Tarsus

3

Pretarsus

4

Arolium

Adhesive Pad on Pretarsus

Tegmina

leathery forewings

Tympanum

Segment 1

Terga

T2-T7

Spiracles

Small, located on lateral edge of terga

Ovipositor

Females are open, Males closed

Clypeus

Apical Bud

Axillary Bud

Internode

B

Node

A

Auxin

Suppresses lateral growth at apical bud

Sepals

Pistil = Stigma + Style + Ovary

overall = top + middle + bottom

Stamen = Anther + Filament

overall = top + bottom

Alternate

Opposite

Fused petals

Receptacle

Hypanthium

floral cup, extension of receptacle

Ovary superior

Pistil position

Ovary inferior

Pistil position

Capsules

Dry fruit split open to release seeds

Legumes

Either open or stay closed

Nuts

Does not open, seed enclosed within

Berries

Entirely fleshy fruit wall

Drupes

Large pit in the center

Pomes

Outer skin and flesh derived from receptacle

Petiole

Leaf stalk

Sessile Leaves

Parallel

Pinnate

Midrib

Palmate

Several Midribs

Palmately Compound

No Rachis

Pinnately Compound

Midrib = Rachis now

Twice Pinnately Compound

Alternate Distichous

Leaf Ranking

Opposite Distichous

Leaf Ranking

Opposite Decussate

Leaf Ranking

Entire

Margins

Dentate

Margins

Lobed

Margins

Serrate

Margins

Stipules

Pulvinus

Nastic movement

Bracts

Modified flower leaf

Prickles

Projections of epidermis

Thorns

Spines

Modified leaf

Galls

Swollen growths by insects

Ephemeroptera

- 2 or 3 long caudal filaments

- membranous wings with numerous cross vein

- forewings large and triangular, hind wings rounded, small or absent

- antennae short, small, and setaceous

Odonata

- wings are elongate, many-veined and membranous

- large and many-faceted compound eyes

- setaceous antennae

- chewing mouthparts

Phasmatodea

- elongate and stick like body

- mandibulate mouthparts

Orthoptera

- 3-4-segmented tarsi

- biting/chewing mouth parts

- forewings many-veined and thickened (called tegmina)

- often have enlarged hind femora

- cerci well-developed

- tympana (= organ for hearing)

Mantodea

- raptorial forelegs extended pronotum which is loosely attached to the pterothorax (wing bearing thorax)

- head is freely movable, they can look over their "shoulders"

Blattodea

- oval, dorsoventrally flattened body (except termites)

- 5-segmented tarsi (except termites)

- head concealed dorsally by pronotum (except termites)

Dermaptera

- forceps like cerci

- wings shorter than body

Plecoptera

- cerci present and usually rather long hind wing

- usually has large anal lobe

- soft-bodied and flattened

- wings reticulated and fold flat over abdomen

Hemiptera

piercing-sucking mouthpart consisting of maxilla and mandible sheathed in flexible labrum

Hemiptera

piercing-sucking mouthpart consisting of maxilla and mandible sheathed in flexible labrum

Neuroptera

- 4 membranous reticulated (with net-like venation) wings

- mandibulate mouthparts, long antennae, filiform

Coleoptera

- elytra, which meet at dorsal midline (i.e. not crossed as in heteropteran Hemiptera

- chewing mouthparts nearly all lack ocelli

- variety of antennal types including: lamellate, flabellate, clubbed, filiform

Diptera

- one pair of wings halteres (= modified hindwing that is a balancing organ)

- diverse mouthparts including: piercing, sucking, cutting, and lapping or sponging

Trichoptera

- four membranous wings which are very hairy and have scales

- wings held tent-like over body

- antennae long and slender, filiform

- chewing mouthpart

Lepidoptera

- scales on wings

- adult mouthparts are sucking, larvae have chewing mouthparts

Hymenoptera

- winged species have four membranous wings

- hind wings are smaller than forewings

- well-developed ovipositor

- mandibulate mouthparts

Beak-like mouthparts, sheathed in flexible labrum

Hemiptera

Chewing mouthparts

Odonata

Orthoptera

Dermaptera

Plecoptera

Coleoptera

Phasmatodea

Neuroptera

Hymenoptera

Trichoptera

Larval Lepidoptera

Elytra

Coleoptera

Haltere

Diptera, Reduced hindwing

Proboscis

Lepidoptera

Rostrum

Sucking Mouthparts

Hemiptera

Lepidoptera

Diptera