ANFS252 Lab Exam 1

IFN 1

Dry roughage

IFN 2

Pasture and range grasses

IFN 3

ensiled roughages

IFN 4

High-energy concentrate

IFN 5

Protein sources

IFN 6

Minerals

IFN 7

Vitamins

IFN 8

Additives

AAFCO categories

• Animal Protein Products

• Forage Products

• Grain Products

• Plant Protein Products

• Processed Grain By-Products

• Roughage Products

• Molasses Products

High energy feedstuffs

high available energy, (non-fibrous carbs, lipids), less than 20% CP

Function of high energy feedstuffs

increase energy content per unit of DM, contribute protein, minerals, vitamins

Examples of high energy feedstuffs

• Cereal grains

• Milling by-products of cereal grains

• High carbohydrate liquid feeds

• By-product dry feeds

• Roots and tubers

• Fats and oils

Cereal grains

• primary source of energy in livestock rations

• seeds of plants of grass family

• Examples:

  • Sorghum or milo

  • Barley

  • Oats

  • Wheat

  • Triticale

  • Rye

  Corn

Best grain for horses

Oats- high fiber and minerals and protein

Supplemental protein sources

Protein quantity (more than 20%CP)

Protein quality

• Digestibility

• Amino acids profile

• Anti-nutritional factor

Plant protein sources

• Oilseed meals

• Millfeed protein (gluten)

• Distillery and brewery byproducts

Animal protein sources

• Mammalian and poultry products

• Milk-based products

• Marine-based products

Other sources of protein

• non-protein nitrogen

• Microorganism (yeast, bacteria)

• Crystalline amino acids

Animal protein sources vs plants

Nutritional value

Excellent sources of

protein

• Compared to plant-based products

• Better Quantity and Quality

• Better Amino acid profiles + Digestibility

• Higher cost

Forages

• Can also be called roughages

• Classified as >20% fiber, <70% TDN

• 4 types

• Grasses

• Legumes

• Forbs

• Byproducts

Importance of fiber in ruminant diets

• Fiber is not well utilized by monogastrics (location of fiber digestion)

• Fiber is cheap source of feed (relative to starchy grains)

• End products of fiber digestion used for energy and milk fat synthesis

• Chewing fiber produces saliva which buffers the rumen

• High quality fiber from forages drives intake and production

Issues for feeding grasses

Nitrate toxicity or nitrate poisoning

• Consumption of excessive levels of nitrate

• Primarily cattle, also may affect sheep and horses

Grass tetany (hypomagnesemia)

• Caused by low blood Mg levels

• Generally, in ruminants consuming lush grass forages

• Immature forages have low Mg

• Additional factors contributing to grass tetany include

high K, high N, and low Ca

Issues for feeding legumes

Bloat

• Excess accumulation of gases in tract

• High content of readily available carbohydrates

and soluble proteins in legumes

• Fermentation produces gasses and stable foam

• Distention of reticulorumen

• If not treated, may lead to death

factors influencing nutritional value of forages

With maturation, Decrease in

• Digestibility

• Nutrient content

• Water

• Protein

• Nonstructural carbohydrates (i.e. energy)

• Minerals

• Vitamins

Increase in

• Structural carbohydrates

• Lignin

Selenium

• Trace mineral closely regulated by FDA

• Federal regulations state maximum level

permitted in complete feeds and trace-mineralized

mixes for each species and specific class

• Selenium-containing products must be produced

by registered feed manufacturer and labeled

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

DDGS:

Dried Distillers Grains with Soluble

In monogastric

• Protein

• Vitamin/mineral (Selenium)

• Beta-glucan (immunoregulator)

In ruminant

• Protein

• Vitamin/mineral (Selenium)

• pH, acidosis

• Fiber digestibility

minerals

Inorganic compounds (microminerals <

100ppm < macrominerals

)

• Source • Grains, forages and by

-products variation (soil)

• Supplements (natural and synthetic)

Orchard grass hay

• IFN # and category: 1 dry roughage

• AAFCO category: Roughage product

• appearance: Smells like hay but sweeter, dried pieces of grass, more fine

Timothy pellets

• IFN # and category: 1 dry roughage

• AAFCO category: Roughage product

• appearance: Smells like sweet hay, looks like pellet shaped hay

Corn silage

• IFN # and category: 3 ensiled roughages

• AAFCO category: roughage product

• appearance: Smells very sour and gross, looks like pieces of plant chopped up and wet, has pieces of corn

Alfalfa silage

• IFN # and category: 3 ensiled roughages

• AAFCO category: roughage product

• appearance: Very sweet and sour smelling, looks darker than the corn silage

Alfalfa hay

• IFN # and category: 1 dry roughage

• AAFCO category: roughage product

• appearance: green hay, smells sweet

Oats

• IFN # and category: 4 high energy concentrate

• AAFCO category: grain product

• appearance: tubular grain, longer and larger in shape than the barley

Blood meal

• IFN # and category: 5 protein source

• AAFCO category: animal protein product

• appearance: dark brown pieces, looks like dirt

Steam flaked corn

• IFN # and category: 4 high energy concentrate

• AAFCO category: grain product

• appearance: looks like flattened corn with come cracks

Whole corn

• IFN # and category: 4 high energy concentrate

• AAFCO category: grain product

• appearance: yellow full pieces of corn

Whole fuzzy cottonseed

• IFN # and category: 5 protein source

• AAFCO category: plant protein product

• appearance: little fuzzy white balls

Straw

• IFN # and category: 1 dry roughage

• AAFCO category: roughage product

• appearance: yellow dried out hay

Fish meal

• IFN # and category: 5 protein source

• AAFCO category: animal protein product

• appearance: dark brown powder

Alfalfa meal

• IFN # and category: 1 dry roughage

• AAFCO category: roughage product

• appearance: brown powder but more green than the fish meal- smells sweet

Cracked corn

• IFN # and category: 4 high energy concentrate

• AAFCO category: grain product

• appearance: corn with cracks in it, not flat like the steam flaked corn

Distillers grains

• IFN # and category: 5 protein source

• AAFCO category: processed grain by-product

• appearance: looks like very fine pieces of yellowy flakes, very strong gross smell

Wheat bran/middlings

• IFN # and category: 4 high energy concentrate

• AAFCO category: processed grain by-product

• appearance: light brown and white powdery pieces

Whey

• IFN # and category: 4 high energy concentrate

• AAFCO category: animal protein product

• appearance: yellow powder, kinda smells like milk

Corn gluten meal

• IFN # and category: 4 high energy concentrate

• AAFCO category: processed grain by-product

• appearance: yellow powder, with a distinct corn smell

Shredded beet pulp

• IFN # and category: 4 high energy concentrate

• AAFCO category: roughage product

• appearance: dark brown, fibrous material with a slightly sweet smell

Dried molasses

• IFN # and category: 4 high energy concentrate

• AAFCO category: molasses product

• appearance: dark brown tiny chunks

Citrus pulp

• IFN # and category: 4 high energy concentrate

• AAFCO category: roughage product

• appearance: light brown, granular material, looks more powdery than the beet pulp

Canola meal

• IFN # and category: 5 protein source

• AAFCO category: plant protein product

• appearance: fuzzy looking powder, more brown than the alfalfa meal

Steam flaked barley

• IFN # and category: 4 high energy concentrate

• AAFCO category: grain product

• appearance: light brown, cracked pieces of barley

Barley

• IFN # and category: 4 high energy concentrate

• AAFCO category: grain product

• appearance: smaller than the oats, shorter with some long pieces

Whole soybean

• IFN # and category: 5 protein source

• AAFCO category: plant protein product

• appearance: light brown oval beads

Soybean meal

• IFN # and category: 5 protein source

• AAFCO category: plant protein product

• appearance: light brown pieces, looks like the soybean got chopped up very fine