health unit 4 sac 2

individual action

The personal choices and actions that have an impact on society as a whole

• from couch

• from workplace

what are the SDGs

• set of targets and plans to make the world a better place

• 169 targets to be achieved by 2030

• three objectives: end extreme poverty, address climate change and fight inequality

SDG 3: good health and wellbeing

aims to promote physical and mental h+w, and extend life expectancy by addressing the major causes of morbidity and mortality in low-, middle- and high-income countries.

• reduce maternal mortality to fewer than 70 per 100000 live births

• reduce substance abuse, including drugs and alcohol

• ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services

actions and outcomes for SDG 3

1. achieving universal health coverage —> quality hc and essential medicines and vaccines = reduce maternal mortality

2. access to sexual and reproductive hc services = end preventanle deaths of newborns and children under five

SDG 3 and maternal and child h+w

frequent in low and middle income countries

• unsafe abortion

• malnutrition in women and children

prevention:

• skilled birth attendants

• access to contraception

action and prevention of maternal mortality

1. all women have access to sexual health and reproductive healthcare services = qualified hc workers available —> monitor the health of the mother and baby = reduce risks and complications associated with birth

2. universal health coverage must be achieved = receiving treatment for HIV is needed, and immunisation for tetanus to help prevent infection

action and prevention of newborn and U5MR

1. Provide access to nutritious foods: die from malnutrition so they must be provided with nutritious food once breastfeeding has finished.

2. Immunisation: helps prevent deaths from infectious diseases such as tetanus, measles, whooping cough and diphtheria

SDG 3 and communicable diseases: actions and outcomes

Increase access to, and the use of, condoms —> help prevent spread of HVI but many couples cannot afford or do not understand the importance

SDG 3 non-communicable diseases

• accounts for a very high global burden

• changes in lifestyle

non-communicable diseases: actions and outcomes

1. Implement the WHO Framework on Tobacco Control in all countries —> prominent in low and middle income countries = passing laws requiring plain packaging or health warnings on packages = shown success

2. Place taxes on alcohol and tobacco products = decrease consumption

SDG 1: no poverty

taking action to end poverty and inequality within and among countries

• reducing the proportion of men, women and children living in poverty by half

• putting in place social protection systems

social protection measures

measures put in place to prevent individuals and families from suffering from poverty because of a crisis or another unexpected event

relationship between SDG 1 and SDG 3

less poverty = access to resources, healthcare and education to enhance good h+w

1. reduce U5MR by implementing social protection systems —> access to healthcare and ensure children are vaccinated against infectious diseases such as measles

2. reduce maternal mortality by ending extreme poverty —> women can afford prenatal care and give birth in a medical clinic

SDG 1 health and wellbeing

ending poverty:

• governments have more money to spend on resources such as water, education and healthcare = reduce global risk of children dying from infectious diseases —> physical health and wellbeing

• people are able to afford adequate food, clean water and hc = ability to fight off diseases and reduce risk of infectious diseases —> mental h+w, less stress

SDG 1 hhd

• able to afford to send to school enhances their capabilities and choices in life with regard to employment

• greater income = a decent standard of living and a long healthy life

SDG 2: zero hunger

aims to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition, making sure all people — children and the more vulnerable, access to nutritious food all year round by promoting sustainable agriculture

• increase investment in agriculture, infrastructure, research and technology

• end all forms of malnutrition, including under- and over-nutrition, particularly in children under five

relationship between SDG 2 abd SDG 3

1. end all forms of malnutrition —> reduce maternal mortality rate by having access to nutritious food during pregnancy prevents deaths from a range of micronutrient deficiencies = iron and iodine

2. end hunger and ensure safe access to nutritious sufficiennt food —> reduce U5MR as hunger weakens the immune system and children can be too weak to fight off

SDG 3 health

• food scarcity and hunger —> malnutrition and ill health

• affect physical hwb —> stunted growth —> decreased energy levels to do what normal kids usually do like play outside

SDG 3 hhd

• no decent standard of living and lack the basic human right of food

• kids who are hungry or malnourished cannot attend school —> no skills or knowledge for decent work

SDG 4: quality education

addresses the need for all children, regardless of sex or gender, to have equal access to high quality education at all levels, from pre-primary through to tertiary, and to develop the vocational skills needed for employment

• ensure all youth and adults have adequate literacy and numeracy skills

• ensure all children complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education

relationship between SDG 4 and 3

1. reduce maternal mortality —> education = improved opportunities for employment and income —> afford nutritious foods, clean water and health care for families

2. reduce non-com diseases + promote hwb —> greater access to hc = early diagnosis, prevention and treatment = children can go to school

SDG 4 health

• education = employment —> food, water, clothing, shelter and hc —> promote hwb = brings opportunities to develop relationships with others = inc. social hwb

• school = spiritual hwb cause of sense of purpose and belonging

SDG 4 hhd

• factor that determines HDI

• increases knowledge and skills, creating opportunites for employment and expanding the choices that people have = enhance capabilities

SDG 5; gender equality

seeks to end discrimination and violence against women and girls by addressing the barriers that exist to gender equality.

• End all forms of discrimination against women and girls

• Ensure women have control over their sexual and reproductive health and can access reproductive health services

relationship between SDG 5 and SDG 3

1. End all forms of discrimination against women and girls —> reduce maternal mortality by ending violence against women = human traffic and child marriages improve maternal mortality —> children’s bodies ready to deal with pregnancy and childbirth and they are more likely to die during delivery.

2. Ensure women have control over their sexual and reproductive health and can access reproductive health services —> contributes to a healthier pregnancy, and fewer complications and deaths of newborns.

SDG 5 health

• ending violence promotes all dimensions of hwb

SDG 5 hhd

• gender equality = women and girls will have greater access to resources that are needed to enjoy a decent standard of living and improved health

• women and girls = access to knowledge, which will expand their choices and capabilities

SDG 6: clean water and sanitation

about ensuring that all people are able to access clean water and adequate sanitation

• ensure everyone has access to safe and affordable drinking water, sanitation and hygiene

• improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimising the release of hazardous chemicals and materials

relationship between SDG 6 and SDG 3

1. Ensure everyone has access to safe and affordable drinking water, sanitation and hygiene —> End epidemics of AIDS, TB, malaria and neglected tropical diseases by ensuring safe water and sanitation in low-middle income countries that are prone to stagnant water causing malaria

SDG 6 hwb

safe water, sanitation and hygiene promotes good physical, social, mental and spiritual health and wellbeing at a global level.

SDG 6 hhd

• Healthy children —> school and adults gain employment = access to knowledge —> expand their choices and provide opportunities to exercise control over decisions relating to their life

• economic gains provide greater capacity for countries to invest resources into providing universal health coverage, sexual and reproductive health services

SDG 12: responsible consumption and production

seeks to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns, which are key to sustaining the livelihoods of current and future generations

• make efficient use of our natural resources

• reduce food waste

relationship between SDG 12 and SDG 3

Reduce food waste —> maternal mortality by reducing food waste and maintaining food supplies lessens the risk of nutrient deficiencies, particularly iron and vitamin A —> less mothers dying

SDG 12 hwb

Sustainable practices will ensure our natural resources continue to be available for future generations, which helps guarantee we will have sufficient food to eat, safe water to drink and sanitation

SDG 12 hhd

• Responsible consumption and production —> these resources will allow people to enjoy a decent standard of living and lead a long and healthy life

• Healthy children—> school and adults can gain employment = access to knowledge, expanding their capabilities and enabling them to live their life according to their needs and interests

WHO and focus

• branch of the UN

1. Promote health: healthier populations — 6 billion people will enjoy healthier lives.

2. Provide health: Universal health coverage — 5 billion people will benefit from universal health care without financial hardship.

3. Protect health: health emergencies — 7 billion people will be better protected from health emergencies.

WHO objectives - promote health: healthier populations

address health determinants and the main causes of ill health: Disease prevention and health promotion can lead to cost savings and result in people living longer, healthier, happier lives —> economies are stronger and more sustainable = costs associated with health and social security systems can be reduced.

WHO objectives - Provide health: universal health coverage

Advance primary health care and essential health system capacities for universal health coverage; People must be able to access high-quality health services that meet the health and well-being needs of the community, regardless of where people live.

WHO objectives - Protect health: Health emergencies

Rapidly detect and sustain an effective response to all health emergencies: The health impacts of crises must be reduced, and equitable and sustainable access to essential health and nutrition services during all emergencies must be ensured.

bilateral aid

• Aid provided by the government of one country to the government of another country

• strong relationships with governments of our neighbouring countries, which helps promote regional security

multilateral aid

• Aid provided through an international organisation, such as the World Bank + WHO

• money is available to buy food, water, clothing, shelter and health care —> improving life expectancy

• bring about equity in health outcomes and gender equality.

aid provided by non-gov org.

• Funding from governments and public donations

• Address poverty by working with communities to provide assistance that meets the needs of communities and promotes community development and participation

Australian aid program

The aim is to reduce poverty and promote a peaceful, stable and prosperous Indo-Pacific region, which is based on achieving sustainable development

• majority of aid is focused on the Indo-Pacific area

• works with partners to maximise effectiveness

bilateral partnerships

When countries work together to coordinate aid programs, it improves the delivery, impact and sustainability of the aid provided by pooling resources and expertise.

Multilateral agencies

Working with the United Nations and its humanitarian agencies —> targeted programs can be put in place for humanitarian assistance and long-term development

features of effective aid

1. Ownership by the recipient country: Aid organisations or governments of donor countries should not make decisions about what they think a country needs or how a program should be implemented

2. Focused on achieving the right outcomes: Programs should also be free or low cost to participants because many families live in poverty and this will help ensure the program benefits those who need it the most

3. Partnerships and collaboration: differing strengths of governments, NGOs and local communities can be used to implement effective programs that make efficient use of resources and avoid duplicating other programs.

4. Monitoring and evaluation: ensures that funding for the program is used for its intended purpose

social action

using collective action to do something to help bring about positive change

• assist in raising funds

• donate money to NGOs

• fundraising events in school to support a social change project

fairtrade

using purchasing power as a form of social action to reduce poverty

• help producers in low- and middle-income countries achieve better trading conditions and to promote sustainable farming

humanitarian assistance

immediate assistance given to people or countries in response to a crisis such as a flood, tsunami, earthquake or conflict

ngo

non-profit organisations that work to promote health and human development

• operate individually

• international red cross