Untitled Flashcards Set

Enlightenment

An 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, individual liberty, and questioning traditional authority.

John Locke

An English philosopher who argued for natural rights and government derived from the consent of the governed.

Second Treatise of Civil Government

A work by John Locke advocating limited government and the right to overthrow tyrannical rulers.

Adam Smith

A Scottish economist known for his book 'The Wealth of Nations' which laid the foundation for modern capitalism.

The Wealth of Nations

A book by Adam Smith advocating free markets and minimal government interference in the economy.

Baron de Montesquieu

A French philosopher known for advocating the separation of powers within government.

The Spirit of the Laws

A book by Montesquieu promoting the separation of governmental powers.

Voltaire

A French writer and philosopher who advocated for free speech and criticized organized religion.

Deists

Believers in a rational, non-interventionist God, emphasizing reason and moral conduct.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French philosopher who argued for government based on the general will of the people.

The Social Contract

Rousseau's work advocating for a government reflecting the collective will for true freedom.

Continental Congress

The governing body of the American colonies during the American Revolution.

Declaration of Independence

A document declaring the American colonies' separation from Britain, emphasizing natural rights.

French Revolution

A social and political upheaval in France seeking to overthrow the monarchy for democratic governance.

Louis XVI

The King of France who was overthrown and executed during the French Revolution.

Estates General

A legislative assembly in pre-revolutionary France representing the three social classes.

National Assembly

A revolutionary legislature formed by the Third Estate during the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

A foundational document of the French Revolution outlining individual freedoms and equality.

Olympe de Gouges

A feminist writer who advocated for women's rights with her 'Declaration of the Rights of Women.'

Reign of Terror

A radical phase in the French Revolution characterized by mass executions of perceived enemies.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A French general who became Emperor after seizing power and expanded France's empire.

Civil Code (Napoleonic Code)

A legal system established by Napoleon ensuring equality before the law but restricting women's rights.

Haitian Revolution

A successful slave revolt leading to Haiti's abolition of slavery and establishment of a black republic.

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who defeated colonial forces and drafted Haiti’s first constitution.

Simon Bolivar

A Venezuelan revolutionary leader involved in the independence movements of South America.

Gran Colombia

A political union of several South American countries led by Simon Bolivar that ultimately collapsed.

Caudillos

Military strongmen ruling Latin American countries post-independence often through authoritarian means.

Conservatism

A political ideology favoring tradition and established institutions over rapid change.

Liberalism

A political ideology promoting individual rights, democracy, and free markets.

John Stuart Mill

A British philosopher advocating for individual liberty and women's rights.

William Wilberforce

A British politician who led the movement to abolish the transatlantic slave trade.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An early feminist thinker advocating for women's education and equality.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leader of the U.S. women’s suffrage movement who co-authored the 'Declaration of Sentiments.'

Nationalism

A political ideology promoting loyalty to a shared culture, history, or nation.

Giuseppe Mazzini

An Italian nationalist leader advocating for Italian unification through revolution.

Zionism

A nationalist movement advocating for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Congress of Vienna

A 1815 diplomatic conference aimed at restoring order in Europe after Napoleon's defeat.

Klemens von Metternich

An Austrian diplomat promoting conservative policies and monarchy at the Congress of Vienna.

Camillo de Cavour

Key leader in Italian unification using diplomacy to strengthen Piedmont-Sardinia.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Military leader who contributed to Italian unification by conquering southern Italy.

Otto von Bismarck

The German statesman who unified Germany through wars and diplomacy.

Realpolitik

A pragmatic approach to politics prioritizing power and practical goals over ideology.