8.1

ketones

what is ketones?

ketones are organic compounds which contain the carbonyl group, >C=O.

in ketones, a carbonyl group can be located within a —- chain rather at the end.

carbon

in ketones, a ——- group can be located within a carbon chain rather at the end.

carbonyl

general form of ketones

C_nH_2nO

ketones form a ——- series

homologous

the simplest ketone is

propanone (CH₃COCH₃)

aldehydes and ketones are often called by their —— names.

common

in common the simplest ketones called

acetone

ketones is —— alcohol.

secondary

to produce a ketone, secondary alcohol must be heated with ——- agent.

oxidising

to produce a ketone, secondary alcohol must be heated with oxidising agent. Why????

the ketone formed cannot be further oxidised, even if the reaction mixture is refluxed and an excess oxidising agent is added. Therefore, the ketone product is not needed to be distilled off immediately.

at room temperature, ——- is a gas and ——- is volatile liquid.

methanal, ethanal

at room temperature, methanal is a —— and ethanal is ———.

gas, volatile liquid

at room temperature, methanal is a gas and ethanal is volatile liquid. other aldehydes and ketones are —— or ——-.

liquid solid

methanal, ethanal, and propanone are water soluble, however their solubility ——- as the chain length ———.

decreases increases

methanal, ethanal, and propanone are —- soluble, however their solubility decreases as the chain length ———.

water increases

why are ketones oxidised????

ketones are generally oxidised under vigorous conditions, such as with strong oxidising agents and at high temperatures.

ketones are easily —— to the corresponding secondary alcohols. Using the reducing agent ———, in dry ether at room temperature.

reduced lithium aluminium hydride, LiAlH₄

[H] represents hydrogen from the ——- agent.

reducing

why is dry ether used???

dry ether is used because LiAlH₄ reacts violently with water. At the end of the reaction, the product is a complex aluminium salt. This is converted to alcohol by treatment with dilute sulphuric acid.

_____ are popular solvents for other moderately polar substances.

ketones

the ——,——- is used as an effective solvent in many ———, plastics cements, resins and varnishes.

simple ketone propanone (acetone) nail polish removers

aldehydes and ketones are differ in their —- states./ reactions.

oxidation

The ——— of secondary alcohols gives ketones.

oxidation

The oxidation of secondary alcohols gives ——-.

ketones

the presence of a —- group in an aldehyde or ketone can be easily tested with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrsazine.

carbonyl

the common name of dimethyl ketone is

acetone