Path - Chapter 1

What is pathophysiology?

Study if functional or physiologic changes in the body resulting from disease

Obvious pathophysiological change

Amputation

Hidden pathophysiological change

Cancer cells

Disease

A deviation from normal structure or function with characteristic signs and symptoms

Health

Physical, mental, and social well being

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment, regardless of external factors

Primary disease prevention

Protect healthy people from developing or experiencing injury in the first place

Secondary disease prevention

Halt or slow disease in its early stages

Tertiary disease prevention

Preventing further physical deterioration and maximizing quality of life

Diagnosis

Identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs, symptoms, lab tests, or other tools

Etiology

Causative factors in a particular disease

Etiology example

Genetic disorders causing Down's syndrome

Idiopathic

unknown cause

Idiopathic example

Seizures

Iatrogenic

When a treatment, a procedure, or an error may cause a disease

Iatrogenic example

collapsed lung from line placement

Predisposing factors

Tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual

Predisposing factors example

if your parents smoke, you're more likely to start smoking than is a child of nonsmokers.

Prophylaxis

Measures designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease

Prophylaxis example

Covid test before traveling to hawaii

Prevention example

vaccinations, diet, clean environment

Pathogenesis

development of disease

Onset of a disease: insidious

gradual, vague or mild signs (creeps up on you)

Onset of a disease: acute

Develops rapidly

Onset of a disease: Chronic

Long lasting and slowly gets worse

Subclinical state

pathologic changes, no obvious manifestations (what you can see)

Latent state

no symptoms or clinical signs evident

Prodromal period

Aware of changes but no specific signs

Manifestations

signs and symptoms of disease

Signs

objectively observed indicators of a disorder

Signs example

Blue skin color

Symptoms

Subjective feeling, have to be told to know patient is experiencing

Symptoms example

pain

Lesion

a change in tissues due to disease or injury

Syndrome

collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ

Diagnostic tests

laboratory tests that assist in the diagnosis of a specific disease

Remissions

Manifestations of the disease subside or are absent

Exacerbations

worsening in the severity of the disease or in its signs/symptoms

Precipitating factor

condition that triggers an acute episode

Complications

New secondary or additional problems

Therapeutic intervention (therapy)

Treatment to promote recovery or slow progress of disease

Sequelae

unwanted outcomes of primary condition

convalescence or rehabilitation

period of recovery and return to the normal healthy state

Prognosis

Defines likelihood for recovery or other outcomes

Morbidity

disease rates within a group

Mortality

death rate from a particular disease

Autopsy

After death examination to determine cause of death

Epidemiology

The science of tracking the pattern of occurrence of a disease

Epidemics

Occurs when there is a high number of infectious disease within a given area

Communicable disease

Infections that can spread form one person to another

Notifies me or reportable diseases

Must be reported by physician and authorities

Cellular changes

Cells can adapt their growth and differentiation to altered conditions in the body

Atrophy

decrease in cell size

Hypertrophy

increase in cell size

Hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

Metaplasia

Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

Dysplasia

Vary in size and shape

Dysplasia example

Mitosis

anaplasia

lack of differentiation

Neoplasia

new growth, develops a tumor

Ischemia

Lack of blood supply

Ischemia example

Stroke

Causes of cellular damage

Physical agents, chemical agents, mechanical agents, microorganisms

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death. Normal occurrence in the body, does not cause inflammation

Necrosis

Not normal cell death, causes inflammation, from escemia

Infarction

area of dead tissue from lack of oxygen

Infarction example

Heart attack

Gangrene

Tissue death followed by an invasion of bacteria