Colombian exchange test

Columbian Exchange

The movement of plants, animals, diseases, people, and technology between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Triangular Trade

Trade pattern that moved manufactured goods, enslaved Africans, and colonial products among Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

God, Gold, and Glory

The major reasons for European exploration: spreading Christianity (God), acquiring wealth and resources (Gold), and increasing national power and personal fame (Glory).

Encomienda System

A system where Spanish colonists were granted control over Native American labor in exchange for protection and conversion.

Bartolomé de las Casas

A critic of the encomienda system who argued against the exploitation and abuse of Native Americans.

Black Legend

The belief that Spain was especially cruel and intolerant towards Native Americans, used by Spain's rivals to criticize it.

Spanish Colonization

Characterized by large settlements, search for gold, conversion efforts, and use of forced labor.

French Colonization

Involved fewer settlements focusing mainly on fishing and fur trade, creating alliances with Native nations.

Joint-Stock Companies

Investors pooling money to finance colonial ventures, sharing risks and potential profits.

City upon a Hill

John Winthrop's vision of Massachusetts Bay as a model Christian community for the world.

Anne Hutchinson

A figure expelled from Massachusetts for challenging Puritan leaders and promoting the idea of direct communication with God.

Metacom (King Philip)

A Wampanoag leader who led Native American resistance against New England expansion.

House of Burgesses

The first representative assembly in English America, established in Virginia in 1619.

Indentured Servitude

A labor system where individuals worked for a set number of years in exchange for transportation, food, and sometimes land.

Bacon's Rebellion

An uprising in Virginia by poor farmers and former indentured servants against lack of land and political power.

Middle Passage

The brutal voyage transporting enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.

Colonial Economies

Diverse economic systems: New England focused on trade and fishing, Middle Colonies on grain and manufacturing, Southern Colonies on plantation agriculture.

South Carolina's Staple Products

The major cash crops of rice and indigo, cultivated largely by enslaved Africans.

Quakers

A religious group advocating equality, toleration, pacifism, and the belief in an ‘Inner Light.’

Mercantilism

The economic theory that colonies existed primarily to benefit the mother country.

Navigation Acts

Laws requiring many colonial products to be transported on English ships, supporting England's control of colonial commerce.

Salutary Neglect

Britain's lax enforcement of trade laws, leading to increased smuggling among colonists.

Dominion of New England

A series of colonies combined by James II to strengthen royal control and enforce trade laws, opposed by colonists.

Mayflower Compact

An agreement by settlers to create laws and follow decisions for the common good, an early example of self-government.

First Great Awakening

A religious revival that emphasized emotion and individual conversion, challenging traditional church authority.

Jonathan Edwards

A preacher known for emphasizing personal conversion and the consequences of sin.

George Whitefield

An influential traveling preacher whose emotional sermons attracted large crowds.

New Lights vs Old Lights

New Lights supported the Great Awakening; Old Lights opposed revivalism and favored traditional worship.

Pequot War and King Philip’s War

Both were conflicts resulting from colonial expansion, ending in colonial victories and increased English control over Native lands.

Stono’s Rebellion

A significant uprising by enslaved people in South Carolina in 1739, leading to stricter controls on enslaved individuals.