Medical Interventions and Diagnostics Review

Vocabulary flashcards based on key concepts from medical interventions and diagnostics.

Medical Intervention

A treatment, procedure, or method used to diagnose, prevent, or treat a medical condition, illness, or injury.

Cycle Sequencing Steps

The four steps involved in sequencing: Denaturation, Annealing, Extension, and Detection.

E-value

A statistical measure indicating the likelihood that a sequence alignment is due to random chance; a low E-value suggests a significant match.

Max Identity

The percentage that indicates how closely a sequenced DNA matches a reference DNA, with 100% being an exact match.

PCR Ingredients

Components needed for PCR: DNA Template, Primers, Nucleotides, DNA Polymerase, Buffer Solution, and Mg²⁺.

Normal PCR vs. Cycle Sequencing PCR

Normal PCR amplifies DNA; Cycle Sequencing PCR includes labeled chain-terminating nucleotides for sequencing.

ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)

A test used to detect antibodies or antigens in a sample, indicating the presence of a target substance.

Antibiotic Resistance

The ability of bacteria to resist the effects of an antibiotic that once killed them.

Zone of Inhibition

The area surrounding an antibiotic in which bacteria cannot grow, indicating the effectiveness of the antibiotic.

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Conductive Hearing Loss

Hearing loss that involves problems in the outer or middle ear affecting the transmission of sound to the inner ear.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Hearing loss resulting from damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve, affecting the conversion of sound into electrical signals.

Innate Immune Response

The body's first line of defense, which is non-specific and includes physical barriers and general immune cells.

Specific Immune Response

The adaptive immune system's response that targets specific pathogens using T-cells and B-cells.

Recombinant DNA Vaccine

A type of vaccine made by inserting DNA encoding a pathogen's protein into a vector to stimulate an immune response.

Nanomedicine

The application of nanotechnology for drug delivery, disease detection, and tissue repair at the molecular level.

Chemotherapy

A treatment that uses drugs to kill or inhibit the growth of cancer cells, primarily targeting rapidly dividing cells.

Bacterial Transformation

The process of introducing foreign DNA into a bacterial cell, enabling it to express new traits.

Chromatography

A laboratory technique used to separate mixtures into individual components based on different interactions.

SDS-PAGE

A technique that separates proteins based on their molecular weight using a gel electrophoresis method.

Xenotransplantation

The use of animal organs for human transplants, addressing organ shortages but raising ethical concerns.