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microscope
is one of the most utilized and indispensable tools man has ever held on to
aided the advancement of science and scientific research
paved the way for the development of various medical breakthroughs in the battle against diseases
become a tool for studying insects, algae, and other extremely minute life forms
magnifying glass
considered the earliest ancestor of microscope
burning “glass”
magnifying glass during ancient times was used as a __
13th century
the concept of its use(magnifying glass) in magnifying objects to help the eye see came later at around the __
Roger Bacon
the glass lens was also in its beginnings during this time as discovered by __
glass lens
was then utilized to help people with impaired sight
1268 and 1289
glass lens were incorporated into spectacles or eyeglasses between __
England
microscope was first developed in __
16th century
microscope was developed at the later part of the ___
inversion of the telescope
microscope was derived from the __
six feet long and had a one inch barrel with a lens at the either end
one of the first microscopes was __
simple microscope
was described as merely a tube with a plate for the object at one end and a lens at the other end that gave a magnification ten times the actual size
Hans and Zacharias Janssen
discovered a better arrangement for the lenses in a tube, resulting in increased magnification and visual clarity
they arranged the lenses with one at the eyepiece and the other is placed in close proximity to the sample observed
compound microscope
the Janssens undoubtedly initiated the invention of the __
Robert Hooke (1)
modified the Janssen’s microscope and made it smaller and lighter with significant changes
English scientist and a mechanical genius who pioneered microscopic research, which included the discovery of plant cells
Robert Hooke (2)
English Father of Microscopy
one of his greatest discovery was the cell
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
worked with Robert Hooke and designed a better microscope
developed a more practical microscope than the one he and Hooke earlier invented
He provided the first accurate description of RBC in 1674
very short focal lengths
were the key to better magnification
double convex lenses
robert hooke and van leeuwenhoek used _ in their modified compound microscope
this change improved their microscope’s resolution and magnification and paved the way to various discoveries
finely polished clear glass
Van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope was made from a __ instead of the usual greenish glass
pointed needle
in front of the lens is a __ where the specimen is mounted
3-4 inches
(van leeuwenhoek) the entire instrument is only _ long
270x
(van leeuwenhoek’s microscope) can magnify up to _ which is greater than the 20-30x magnification of the earlier compound microscope
prevalent theory of spontaneous generation
Van Leeuwenhoek also opposed the ___, and through the use of the microscope, demonstrated that granary weevils, fleas, and mussels were not created from wheat grains and sand but developed from tiny eggs
bacilli
cocci
spirilli
3 types of bacteria
objective lenses
enhanced and controlled the magnification and resolution of the observed sample
18th-19th century
all of these improvements came up around (modern microscope) __
World War 1
standardization of the parts of the microscope during__ caused by its high demand
cast-iron in black
microscope made out of __
23 mm diameter tube
eyepiece is held in a __
compound microscope
electron microscope
scanning tunneling microscope
scanning probe microscope
types of microscope
compound microscope
makes use of two lenses, the objective lens and the ocular lens, which are are mounted at the opposite ends of a closed tube
the objective lens is made up of several lens elements that form an enlarged, real image of the object being examined
microscope’s body has a firm stand with a flat stage to hold the examined material
knobs were placed at the sides to promote ease in moving the stage and the tube toward and away from the specimen for better focusing
Electron Microscope
is very useful in high magnification microscope that is commonly used in almost all fields in science
this uses electrons to illuminate an object
this type of microscope has an electron gun that emits electrons in a vacuum, which then strike the specimen
electrons
have a much smaller wavelength than light, so they can resolve much smaller structures
Transmission electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope
2 types of electron microscopes
Scanning Electron Microscope
it scans the surface of a thinly sliced sample bit by bit
can magnify objects 100,000 times or more
Transmission Electron Microscope
looks at relatively large area of the sample all at once
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
it is a very powerful microscope and can obtain images of conductive surfaces at an atomic level and scale of 2×10^-10 or 0.2 nanometers
it can be used manipulated individual atoms, trigger chemical reactions, and create ions
1981
scanning tunneling microscope was invented in
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
scanning tunneling microscope was invented by
IBM’s Zurich Laboratory of Switzerland
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer of __
Scanning Probe Microscope
uses a probe to scan the surface of a sample and provides a three-dimensional image of atoms or molecules on the surface of the object
the probe
is an extremely sharp metal point that can be as narrow as a single atom at the tip
its strength is its ability to provide detailed images o substance that can conduct electricity
Titan 80-300 Cubed electron microscope
has revolutionized nanotechnology, bringing it to newer, more exciting frontiers\
this microscope can identify atoms, measure their chemical states, and probe the electrons that bind them together
x-rays
most popular and widely used medical imaging technology
very useful to medical and dental practitioners
are highly recommended in examining bones and teeth rather than soft tissues
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
this technology uses a strong magnetic to produce a cross-section image of a part of the body
a series of __ images can be placed together to create a complete view of tissues, e.g., ligament in that area
Functional MRI
can produce images that can differentiate between active, functioning parts, and non-active ones
example: active parts of the brain light up in the image when a person is performing a certain activity
Computerized Tomography Scan
an imaging procedure that combines a series of x-ray images taken from different angles of the body
it uses a computer to process and create cross-sectional images of the blood vessels, soft tissues, and bones
this scan creates an excellent anatomical detail, compared to plain x-rays
can help visualize nearly all parts of the body which can guide medical practitioners to diagnose disease, injuries, as well as plan radiation therapies and surgery
Positron Emission Tomography Scan
an imaging test that allows medical practitioners to check for disease to check for diseases in the human body, such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease
the scan uses special dye that contains radioactive tracers
the images created reveal how tissues and organs are functioning
radioactive tracers
may be swallowed, injected, or inhaled, depending on the organ of interest
concentrates on the areas of the body of higher metabolic activities
Fused PET/CT Imaging
allows for superb anatomic localization of abnormal metabolic activity, which helps in detecting cancer, the staging and monitoring of treatment, as well as diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease