Chapter 11 Fertilization, Developtment, and signaling

Acclimatization

alteration in a body system in response to environmental
change

Acrosomal reaction

Series of bioxhemical reactions that the sperm uses to break through the zone pellucida

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Asexual reproduction

Form of reproduction that produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

Blastocyst

structure formed when cells in the mammalian blastula separate into an inner and outer layer

Budding

Form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell leading to a separation from the original animal into two individuals

Cartilage

Type of connective tissue with a large amount of ground substance matrix, cells called chondrocytes, and some amount of fibers

Cell surface receptor

Cell surface protein, that transmit a signal from the exterior of the cell to the interior, even though the login does not enter the cell

Chemical synapse

Small space between axon terminals and dendrites of nerve cells where neurotransmitters function

Chondrocyte

Cell found in cartilage

Columnar epithelia

epithelia made of cells taller than they are wide, specialized in absorption

Connective tissue

Type of tissue made of cells, ground substance, matrix, and fibers

Cuboidal epithelia

epithelia made of cube shaped cells, specialized in glandular functions

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Second messenger that is derived from ATP

Dimer

Chemical compound formed when two molecules, joined together

Demoralization

(of receptor proteins) interaction of two receptor proteins to form a functional complex called a dimmer

Enzyme linked to receptor

Cell surface receptor with intracellular domains that are associated with membrane bound enzymes

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that either lines or covers organs or other tissues

Extracellular domain

Region of a cell surface receptor that is located on the cell surface

Fibrous connective tissue

Type of connective tissue with a high concentration of fibers

Fission

Method by which multicellular organisms increase in size or asexual reproduction in which a unicellular organism splits into two separate organisms by mitosis

Gastrulation

Process in which the blastula fold over itself to form the three germ layers

G protein- linked receptor

Cell surface receptor that activates membrane bound proteins to transmit a signal from the receptor to nearby membrane components

Growth factor

Ligand that binds to cell surface receptors and stimulates cell growth

Homeostasis

Dynamic equilibrium maintaining appropriate body functions

Intercellular signal

Communication between cells

Inhibitor

Molecule that binds to a protein, usually an enzyme, and keeps it from functioning

Intercellular receptor

Receptor protein that is located in the side, soul of a cell and binds to leggings that pass through the plasma membrane

Intracellular signaling

Communication within cells

Ion channel channel linked receptor

Cell surface receptor that forms a plasma membrane, which opens when a lie again binds to the extra cellular domain(Ligan gated channels)

Kinase

Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule

Lacuna

Space in cartilage and bone that contains living cells

Ligand

Molecule produced by a signaling cell that binds with a specific receptor delivering a signal in the process

Loose connective tissue

Type of connective tissue with small amounts of cells, matrix, and fibers found around blood vessels

Matrix

Component of connective tissue made of living and nonliving( ground substances) cells

Negative feedback loop

Feedback to a control mechanism that increases or decreases a stimulus instead of maintaining it

Neurotransmitter

chemical ligand that carries a signal from one nerve cell to the next

oogenesis

process of producing haploid eggs

organogenesis

process of organ formation

Phosphatase

enzyme that removes the phosphate group from a molecule that has been previously phosphorylated

Phosphodiesterase

enzyme that degrades cAMP, producing AMP, to terminate signaling

Positive feedbackloop

feedback to a control mechanism that continues the direction of a stimulus

Pseudostratisfied

layer of epithelua that appears multilayered, but is a simple covering

Receptor

protein in or on a target cell that binds to ligands

Second messenger 

small, non-protein molecule that propagates a signal within the cell after activation of a receptor causes its release

Set point

midpoint or target point in homestasis

Sexual reproduction

Mixing of genetic material from two individuals to produce genetically unique offspring

Signal integration

interaction of signals from two or more different cell-surface receptors that merge to activate the same response in the cell 

Signal transduction

propagation of the signal through the cytoplasm (and sometimes also the nucleus) of the cell

Signaling Cell

cell that releases signal molecules that allow communication with another cell

Signaling pathway

chain of events that occur in the cytoplasm of the cell to propagate the signal from the plasma membrane to produce a response (signaling cascade)

Simple epithelia

single layer of epithelial cells

Spermatogenesis

process of producing haploid sperm

Squamous epithelia

type of epithelia made of flat cells , specialized in aiding diffusion or preventing abrasion

Steroid hormone

a type od hydrophobic signaling molecule made from cholesterol that can pass through cell membranes and bind to internal receptors to regulate gene expression

Stratified epithelia

multiple layers of epithelial cells

Synaptic signal

chemical signal (neurotransmitter) that travels between nerve cells

Target cell

cell that has a receptor for a signal or ligand from a signaling cell

Zona pellucida

protective layer of glycoproteins on the mammalian egg