BIO 226- nervous system (CH 22)

Causative agent of Hib meningitis?

Haemophilus inflluenza type B

Causative agent of meningococcal meningitis?

Neisseria meningitidis

Causative agent of pneumococcal meningitis?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Causative agent of Group B Streptococci (GBS)?

Streptococcus agalactiae

Causative agent of listeriosis?

Listeria monocytogenes

Causative agent of Cryptococcus?

Cryptococcus spp.

Causative agent of Primary Amebic meningo-encephalistis (PAM)?

Naegleria fowleri

Causative agent of Ganylomatous Amebic Encephalistis (GAE)?

Acanthamoeba + Balamuthia

Causative agent of Tetanus?

Clostridium tetani

Causative agent of Botulism?

Clostridium botulinum

Causative agent of Leprosy?

Mycobacterium leprae

Causative agent of Polio?

poliovirus

Causative agent of Rabies?

Lyssavirus

Causative agent of African Trypanosomiasis?

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Causative agent of Prion disease CJD?

Prion PrPSc

Causative agent of West Nile Virus Arboviral Encephalitis?

RNA Virus

Gram rx + morphology of Haemophilus influenza type B?

G(-)R coccobacilli

Gram rx + morphology of Neisseria meningitidis?

G(-)C diplococci

Gram rx + morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

G(+)C diplococci

Gram rx + morphology of streptococcus agalactiae?

G(+)C

Gram rx + morphology of Listeria monocytogenes?

G(+)R

Gram rx + morphology of cryptococcus spp.?

G(+)

Gram rx + morphology of Naegleria fowleri?

amoeba protozoan

Gram rx + morphology of Acanthamoeba + Balamuthia?

protozoan

Gram rx + morphology of Clostridium tetani?

G(+)R

Gram rx + morphology of Clostridium botulinum?

G(+)R

Gram rx + morphology of Mycobacterium leprae?

acid-fast rod

Disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, headache, stiff neck, nause + vomiting, light sensitivity, splotchy-pale skin, and convulsions and coma?

meningitis

Hib meningitis is known to affect what age groups?

infants + young children

Meningococcal meningitis is known to affect what age groups?

Babies + children, teens/young adults, older adults

Pneumococcal meningitis is known to affect what age groups?

Babies, elderly

Which type of meningitis has the distinct difference of presentation with a red/purple rash?

Meningococcal meningitis

Most common + severe form of meningitis? Known to affect very young infants, older adults, and chronic health?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

What form of meningitis is alpha hemolytic? (green on blood agar)

pneumococcal meningitis

What vaccine is given for Hib meningitis?

Hib vaccine

(given to children 2+ months)

What vaccine is given for meningococcal meningitis?

meningococcal conjugate vaccine

(single dose at 11/12; booster at 16)

What vaccine is given for pneumococcal meningitis prevention for children younger than 2 years?

PVC13

What vaccine is given for pneumococcal meningitis prevention for older children and adults?

PPSV23

How is GBS (group b strep) transmitted?

Direct - vertical transmission to baby during birth

GBS is treated with what?

antibiotics to mother + child

What disease is the most common cause of sepsis + meningitis in newborns?

GBS (group b streptococcus)

Listeriosis is _____borne and widely transmitted in what?

food

soil

How is Listeriosis treated?

Penicillin (antibiotics)

What disease typically presents with mild-flu like symptoms + intestinal symptoms, with particularly increased risk to pregnant women, fetuses, newborns and 65+ adults

listeriosis

What foods are at high risk for transmitting listeriosis?

Unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses (like feta and brie), melons, raw sprouts, smoked seafood, and ready-to-eat meats like deli meats and hot dogs

Is cryptococcus transmittable by direct transmission? (person to person)

no, only vehicle

Cryptococcus is transmitted by inhalation of soil contaminated with?

bird droppings (chicken + pigeon)

What disease presents with the typical meningitis symptoms alongside lung complications: cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, fever, unintended weight loss?

cryptococcus

What disease is transmitted exclusively when protozoa infect nasal passage after swimming in fresh water?

PAM (primary amebic meningoencephalitis)

What disease is characterized by typical meningitis symptoms that worsen RAPIDLY into neurological complications, with 100% fatality?

PAM

Disease that presents with typical symptoms of encephalitis alongside inflammation and formation of lesions?

GAE (ganulomatous amebic encephalistis)

What disease infects the WBC’s to invade the CNS?

GAE (ganulomatous amebic encephalistis)

What encephalitis disease is nearly always fatal?

GAE

What is the mode of transmission of GAE?

vehicle: entering body through skin, cuts, eyes + lungs

What is the natural reservoir for GAE?

bodies of water

clostridium tetani + clostridium botulinum are examples of what special morphological feature?

endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe

What is the mode of transmission of tetanus? (be specific)

indirect

parenteral, puncture wound

What three treatments are usually given to treat tetanus?

• antibiotics

• TIG

• tetanus vaccine

What vaccine type is the DTP vaccine for tetanus?

toxoid (inactivated Tetanospasmin toxin)

Lockjaw is an early tell-tale sign of what disease?

tetanus

What two symptoms are severe manifestations of tetanus muscle spasms?

risus sardonicus

opisthotonus

What is most common vehicle for transmission of botulism?

food

What disease is associated with unsafe home canning/meat preserving/fermenting?

botulism

As the botulinal toxin blocks release of neurotransmitter, cardiac + respiratory failure can occur 1-10 days after toxin is ingested due to what resulting feature?

flaccid paralysis

What is the treatment for botulism?

anti-toxin antibodies

Botulism differs in its pathway in diff ages, with adult botulism being an ________, and infant being an ________.

intoxication

infection

Infants should never be fed honey as it has potential to cause what disease?

botulism

What disease utilizes armadillos as the culture method as artificial media don’t work?

Leprosy (hansen’s disease)

What disease heavily affected the Molokai Leper Colony upon colonization?

leprosy

Chronic tissue damage as a result of lepromatous form can lead to what?

loss of fingers/toes and facial disfigurement

How is leprosy (hansen’s disease) transmitted?

prolonged contact with infected lesions

Mode of transmission for West Nile Virus (arboviral encephalitis)

vector by mosquitoes

Primary reservoir of arboviral encephalitis?

birds

Where in the US is West Nile Virus found affecting?

everywhere

What constitutes the majority of mode of transmission for rabies? What can be another cause?

Direct contact through bites/scratches of animal

Droplet possible with bats

What is the reservoir for rabies?

bats

Initial symptoms of rabies include what two tell-tale signs?

hydrophobia

muscle spasms of mouth

Can rabies be prevented? If so, with what?

yes

HDCV (human diploid cells vaccine)

How is rabies treated?

wound washing + rabies vaccine + RIG (rabies immune globulin)

Disease that is asymptomatic in 80% of people, but can cause chills, headache, fever, mental confusion, coma + POLIO-LIKE PARALYSIS or fatal encephalitis, with overall very few deaths.

west nile virus

Rabies is still highly present in what continents?

Africa + Europe

Lead risk of rabies in US is through what resevoir?

bats

What is cryptococcus treated with?

Amphotericin B

What is PAM treated with?

Amphotericin B

A distinct initial presentation of fever + depression, followed by painful spasms + excessive saliva is indicative of what disease?

rabies

How is polio transmitted?

ingestion of contaminated water, fecal-oral route

While most cases of this disease caused mild summer time epidemics, 1% of cases would cause viremia, entering CNS + causing paralysis. What disease is this?

polio

Can polio be prevented? If so, how?

IPV (inactivated) or OPV (oral, attenuated)

While most cases are mild, persistent ______ causes the serious paralysis, loss of reflexes, trouble breathing + swallowing observed in polio.

viremia

What disease can present 30-40 years later with gradual muscle weakness, fatigue, joint pain, muscle atrophy + breathing difficulties?

polio

Treatment for Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease?

palliative care

Disease that presents with rapid dementia, involuntary movements, sudden shock-like muscle jerks, stiffness + tremors?

CJD

What is the mode of transmission of African Trypanosomiasis?

tsetse fly bite, vector

What is African trypanosomiasis treated with?

elfornithine

Disease that begins with the development of a chancre at the bite site, progressing into fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes (winetrbottoms sign) swelling of face + hands, headaches, fatigue, aching muscles + joints, weight loss, neurological changes?

African trypanosomiasis