Chapter 8/9

Aggression

Behavior intended to harm someone who does not want to be harmed.

Violence

Extreme physical harm; a form of aggression used to achieve a goal.

Emotional or Impulsive Aggression

Aggression characterized by little planning, often seen in situations like road rage or crimes of passion.

Instrumental or Cognitive Aggression

Planned aggression intended to achieve a goal, examples include assassination, bullying, and terrorism.

Types of Non-Physical Aggression

Includes verbal aggression (yelling/name-calling) and relational aggression (harming someone's relationships or social status).

Frustration-Aggression Principle

A theory stating that frustration can lead to aggression.

Displacement

Redirecting aggression towards something else when one is angry.

Catharsis

The process of releasing aggression, which may often lead to becoming angrier.

MAOA Gene

Often referred to as the 'warrior gene,' influencing aggression and linked to neurotransmitter breakdown.

The Bystander Effect

A social phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when there are other people present.

Social Responsibility Norm

The expectation that individuals will help those who depend on them, influenced by cultural norms.

Embodied Cognition

The theory that physical states can influence emotional states and mood.

Negative State Relief

A psychological phenomenon where individuals seek help or remove themselves from negative situations.

Dependency Oriented Help

Assistance given to someone who feels inadequate, potentially leading to helplessness.

Gendered Altruism

Variations in altruistic behavior based on gender, with men often providing strength in emergencies and women focusing on long-term care.

foxes

foxes are domesticated like dogs —> selecting less aggressive foxes to reproduce

amygdala

fear/aggression

prefrontal cortex

judgement

shrinks with: age/damage

testosterone

increases aggression

common in men

men

commit more violent crimes

society reinforces gender roles

men: assertive, independent, aggressive to get what they want

women: nurturing, emotional

alcohol

lowers inhibition

increases aggression

environment

heat —> more aggression (people get used to it over time)

trauma/abuse —> can change genes (epigenetics) —> model behavior

alcohol myopia

cant see long-term consequences

• tunnel vision

violent media

• densensitizes people

• triggers aggressive thoughts, feelings, behavior

• being bullied/being a bully

mirror neurons

learn behavior of others