Module 2

Joints and Skeletal Structures , Muscles: Overview, Vascular System: Overview , Main Regions of the Head and Neck

Definition of Bone

Highly specialised , vascular and hard form of connective tissues.

What are the 2 types of bones

Compact bone and Spongy (Trabecular or cancellous)

Definition of Cartilage

Semi-rigid, resilient and avascular form of connective tissue.

What is a joint

A junction , point of articulation or a union between 2 or more rigid components of the skeleton

Gomphosis definition

Fibrous joint, anchors tooth into its socket formed by the alveolar bone

Fibrous joint Definition

Articulating bones are joined by fibrous tissue

Cartilaginous joints definition

Articulating bones are connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage

What are the 2 types of cartilagenous joints?

Primary ( Synchondroses) , Secondary (Symphysis)

What is the difference between peimary and secondary cartilagenous joints

Primary - bones connected by hyaline cartilage , Secondary- connected by fibrocartilage located between the 2 layers of hyaline cartilage

Synovial joints

Articulating parts seperated by joint cavity containing synovial fluid

Ligaments definition

Bands of dense regular connective tissue that originate from one articulating bone and insert into other bone to stabilize the joint during movement.

Tendons Definition

Bands of dense regular connective tissue that originate from muscle and insert into bone to transmit the force of muscle contraction so that movement of joints may occur

What is the name of the fibrous joints which unite the bones from the skull cap (calvaria)?

Suture and gomphosis

What is the function of the calvaria and why is th efibrous joint the most suitable joint for this area

Joined by fibrous joint called sutures. These joints are strong and immobile which is ideal as the skull needs to form a protective case around the brain

Why is a gomphosis used to connect the tooth to maxilla or mandible? What happens to this joint during a routine tooth extraction ?

Gomphosis provides a strong but slightly flexible attachement between the root of the tooth and its alveolar socket. The PDL connects the cementum of the tooth root to the alveolar bone.

During an extraction, stretch/tear of PDL ligament , expanding socket allowing for tooth to be removed.

What are pneumatic bones? Can you give examples of head and neck region

Contain air filled spaces that are lined with mucosa and communicate with respiratory tract. Examples: Maxilla, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones

Why is it easy to reduce a fracture of the mandible, but not a fracture of the maxillary ?

Mandible is seprate,mobile bones so fractures segments can often be manipuated and repositioned.

Maxilla is firmly intergrated with the other bones and midface, so those fratcures are less freely moveable and can be more difficult to reposition.

What is osteoporosis? Why is it important as a dental practitioner

Osteoporosis is a systemic condition characterised by decrease in bone mass and deterioration of bone microarchitecture resulting in increase bone fragility and fracture risk.

Pt could have reduced bone quality and if they’re taking certain meds it can be associated with risk of Medication-related osteoporosis of jaw.

What does a functional unit consist of?

Motor neurones and motor fibres

what are the 3 types of muscles

Skeletal , Cardiac , Smooth

What are the 3 types of blood vessels

Arteries , Veins , Capillaries

What do arteries do?

Carry blood away from the heart

Veins

return blood to the heart from capillary beds

Capillaries

Form a capillary bed, where the interchange of oxygen,nutrients and waste productsand other substances with the extracellular fluid occurs.