All The Notes Grouped Together

Crimean War

A conflict from 1853 to 1856 between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain, and Sardinia over territorial disputes.

Time Period of the Crimean War

1853 to 1856.

Main Conflicting Parties in Crimean War

Russia vs. Alliance of Ottoman Empire, France, Britain, and Sardinia.

Significance of the Crimean War

Marked a turning point in European diplomatic relations and underscored the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

Causes of the Crimean War

Religious tensions, decline of the Ottoman Empire, and imperial interests of Russia.

Treaty of Paris (1856)

Concluded the Crimean War, establishing the Black Sea as a neutral zone and limiting Russian naval power.

Alexander II

Tsar of Russia known for reforms following the Crimean War, including the abolition of serfdom.

German Unification Leader

Otto von Bismarck, credited with orchestrating the unification through wars and diplomacy.

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

A conflict that aligned northern German states with Prussia as part of the German unification process.

Key Figures in Italian Unification

Count Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi.

First King of Unified Italy

Victor Emmanuel II, who became king after the unification of Italy.

The Great Migration

Large-scale immigration to British colonies between 1853 and 1880.

The Emancipation Proclamation

An executive order by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War to free slaves in the Confederate states.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization and economic change that began in the late 18th century.

Congress of Berlin (1878)

An international conference aimed at addressing Balkan tensions, often ignoring nationalist aspirations.

Bismarck's Alliances

Diplomatic agreements aimed to counter France and maintain dominance in Europe, including the Triple Alliance.

The Dual Monarchy

The establishment of Austria-Hungary in 1867, recognizing both Austrian and Hungarian leadership.

Boer War

Conflict between British and Boer settlers in South Africa during the late Victorian period.

Potato Famine

A disastrous famine in Ireland that caused widespread suffering and led to calls for independence.

Franco-Prussian War (1870)

A manufactured conflict initiated by Bismarck to unite southern German states with Prussia.

Ottoman Empire

A declining empire central to the conflicts during the 19th century, particularly the Crimean War.

Unification of Germany

The process of uniting various German states primarily driven by Prussia under Bismarck's leadership.

Three Emperors' League

An alliance formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia to counterbalance France.

Balkan Wars

Conflicts that illustrated the rising tensions and nationalistic movements in the Balkans, leading to World War I.

Cavour's Strategy

Formed an alliance with Napoleon III to expel Austria from Northern Italy.

Garibaldi's Role in Italian Unification

Led the Expedition of the Thousand, helping to unite Southern Italy with the North.

Factors Leading to Italian Unification

Political fragmentation, nationalist leaders, and military campaigns led by figures like Cavour and Garibaldi.

Russia's Aim in the Crimean War

To expand its influence over the declining Ottoman Empire and gain access to warmer naval ports.

Wilhelm I

The first German Emperor proclaimed after the unification of Germany in 1871.

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

A decrease in power and territory leading to geopolitical changes and European intervention.

National Unification Movements

Political movements in Germany and Italy aiming to consolidate multiple states into a single nation.

Zemstvos

Local governments established by Alexander II to provide self-governance in rural Russia.

Nationalist Sentiment

Growing feelings of nationalism that motivated various ethnic groups to strive for autonomy or unification.

Civil War

A war between groups within the same country, particularly noted in the American context from 1860-1865.

Serfdom Abolition

The process, initiated by Alexander II, that abolished the system of serfdom in Russia.

Prussian-Danish War (1864)

A conflict led by Prussia and Austria to reclaim territories from Denmark, strengthening German unity.

Cultural Imperialism

The belief that the expansion of an empire is a moral duty, often driving colonial policies.

Social Reforms in Europe

Changes initiated post-Crimean War aimed at addressing military failures and national governance.

Significance of the 13th Amendment

It abolished slavery in the United States and was a key outcome of the American Civil War.

Military Tactics Post-Crimean War

The war served as a catalyst for modernizing military practices and technologies.

Political Maneuvering

Strategic actions taken, notably by Bismarck, to achieve German unification through alliances.

Identity Conflicts in Austria

Struggles among diverse ethnic groups within the Austrian Empire seeking autonomy.

Legacies of the Crimean War

Catalyzed a shift in alliances and the weakening of the Concert of Europe.

Victorian Era Overview

Timeframe from 1830 to 1901 marked by significant social, political, and economic change in Britain.

Influence of Philosophers

Philosophers like Johann Gottlieb Fichte motivated nationalist movements in Germany.

Geopolitical Changes from the War

Restructured national borders and alliances, paving the way for future conflicts such as World War I.

Moral Responsibility in Empire Expansion

The belief among some British that expanding the empire was a moral obligation, promoting missionary work.

Cultural Movements in 19th Century Europe

Various movements that shaped ideas of nationality and self-determination across Europe.

Key Events Preceding Unification

Nationalist uprisings, wars, and strategic alliances were crucial to the processes of unification.

Map of Nations during the Unification Process

A visual representation of key regions and leaders involved in both German and Italian unification.

Historical Context of 1815 to 1914

A significant period featuring political transformations directly influencing World War I.

Decline of Tsarist Russia

A period of internal strife and reform, culminating in the eventual revolution in 1917.

Abraham Lincoln's Presidency

Marking a pivotal moment in America during the Civil War, focusing on union and emancipation.

Commercial Expansion during the Victorian Era

Economic growth supported by the British Empire's reach across the globe.

Trade Dynamics in the Balkans

An example of rising tensions between competing national interests in the region.

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Society

Catalyzed sweeping changes in social structures and economic relations across Europe.

Rethinking National Defense

The Crimean War highlighted the necessity for military and governmental reforms in various nations.

Canada's Path to Independence

The gradual movement towards self-governance and independence from British control post-1867.

Technological Advancements in Warfare

Innovations that occurred due to the military challenges faced during the Crimean War.

Imperial Ambitions of the Nation-States

Nations sought to expand their influence through colonization and military engagement.

Reform Bills in British Politics

Key legislative changes in England to increase representation and address class structures.

Role of the French during Italian Unification

France's involvement, particularly under Napoleon III, was crucial for expelling Austria.

Changing Alliances in Europe

The shifting relationships among nations in Europe contributing to the lead-up to World War I.

The Role of Nationalist Writers

Figures like Giuseppe Mazzini played significant parts in promoting ideas of unity in Italy.

Konstantin von Bismarck

Prussian statesman known for his role in unifying Germany and establishing a complex system of alliances.

Balance of Power Concept

A geopolitical strategy aimed at maintaining equilibrium among competing nations, significantly altered by the Crimean War.

Crisis in the Balkans Preceding World War I

Rising nationalism and ethnic conflict during the pre-war period that foreshadowed greater European tensions.

Territorial Changes in Europe Post-War

Realignment of national borders driven by the outcomes of the Crimean War and subsequent conflicts.

Legacies of the 19th Century Reforms

Social and political changes resulting in altered state identities and governance, affecting 20th-century dynamics.

Russian Naval Operations Post-Crimean War

Restrained due to treaty agreements limiting military presence in the Black Sea.