Anatomy and Physiological Changes in Pregnancy

Endocrine System

A network of glands and organs that produce and release hormones

Hormones

Chemical messengers that regulate bodily function

Hypothalamus

Stimulates and controls the release of the hormones from the pituitary gland

Pituitary Gland (Master Gland)

Anterior - Releases ACTH Posterior - releases oxytocin. It stimulates the adrenal cortex and the release of cortisol during the stress response. It is also responsible for uterus contractions during childbirth

Pineal Gland

Releases Melatonin. It is responsible for important bio rhythms, including the sleep-wake cycle.

Thyroid Gland

Releases thyroxine. It is responsible for regulating metabolism.

Adrenal Gland

Releases adrenaline and noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla . They are the key hormones in fight or flight. It also releases cortisol in the adrenal vortex, which stimulates the release of glucose to provide the body with energy, while suppressing the immune system.

Ovaries (female)

Releases oestrogen. It controls the regulation of the female reproductive system, including the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Testes (Male)

Releases testosterone. It is responsible for the development of male sex characteristics during puberty, while also promoting muscle growth.

hCG

Hormone produced by the embryo and placenta during pregnancy - detected by all pregnancy tests. It is the first pregnancy hormone released by the ovaries. It causes nausea in pregnancy due to high levels.

Oestrogen

A group of female sex hormones responsible for the normal sexual and reproductive development of females - but both females and males produce them. Plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle, bone health, mood,skin,hair, the development of fetal organs and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Stimulates breast tissue growth and milk duct development with progesterone.

Progesterone

Hormone that supports menstruation and maintaining a pregnancy. It is produced mainly in the ovaries and later in the placenta during pregnancy. Supports metal development ,emotion processing and influencing mood and also prevents the womb lining from becoming too thick.

Relaxin

Hormone produced in the corpus lutem initially, and then the decidua and placenta - that primarily prepares the female body for childbirth by relatxing the ligaments, muscles, and joints of the pelvis and softening the cevix to facilitate delivery. Operates with hCG and progesterone to activate glycodelin.