Paper 2: IB ULTIMATE REVIEW

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Young Plan

program for settlement of German reparations after World War I. Presented by American Owen D. Young. Set the total reparations at $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years. Was adopted by the Allied Powers in 1930 to supersede the Dawes Plan.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Kellog Briand Pact

1928 International agreement not to use war as an instrument of national policy.

Operation Barbarossa

codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

Operation Overlord

The Allied invasion of Normandy in June of 1944.

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, and Japan

Final Solution

term that was used by the Nazi's that refered to their decision and plan to annihilate and exterminate Germany of the Jewish people.

Gestapo

The secret police who inforced the Nazi rule under Hitler in Germany.

Manhattan Project

From 1942 to 1945, it was a U.S. government research project to produce the first atomic bombs.

Munich Agreement

The settlement allowed German annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechosslavakia

Vichy France

In World War II, is was the right-wing government of unoccupied France after the country's defeat by the Germans in June 1940.

Battle of Brittain

the first major battle in history were air power alone determined the outcome of victory

"Little Boy"

name of 1st atomic bomb. Dropped on Hiroshima

"Fat Man"

Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki

Five Year Plans

Created under Stalin to rapidly modernize Russia's industry - 1st: heavy industry, 2nd: diversification, 3rd: weapons production; attempted to rapidly modernize industry

Causes of WWII

appeasement, aggressive policies of Hitler and Mussolini, Great Depression, Versailles Treaty, failure of Weimar Republic, failure of the League of Nations

Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945), Nazi leader and founder; had over 6 million Jews assassinated during the Holocaust

Mussolini

founded fascism and ruled Italy for almost 21 years, most of that time as dictator. He dreamed of building Italy into a great empire, but he led his nation to defeat in World War II (1939-1945) and was executed by his own people.

fascism

A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini.

Black Shirts

a private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy.

Brown Shirts

Hitler's private army of supporters, also known as the SA (Sturm Abteilung).

Reichstag fire

Nazis claimed this was an immediate communist threat to the government

Nazi

national socialist german workers party

Sudetenland

Hitler claimed that this German inhabited Czechoslovakian area was the last territorial claim he had on Europe

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

25 Points

1920 Nazi statement, outlined major beliefs, called for:

Repudiation of Versallies treaty

unification of Austria and Germany

exclusion of Jews from citizenship

confiscation of war profits

Anschluss

Hitler's union of Germany with the German-speaking population of Austria; took place in 1938, despite complaints of other European nations.

Appeasement

policy by which Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, and France agreed to Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland in agreement for not taking any additional Czech territory. In general this policy supported giving into demands to preserve peace and was made popular by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

Black Shirts

A private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy.

Enabling Act

the act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years

Ernst Rohm

Head of the SA and longtime party member

He was one of the original Nazis and had been with Hitler from the beginning.

However, by the early 1930s he was openly criticizing Hitler and spoke of the need for a "second revolution" and the replacement of the regular army by the SA. Hitler had him killed on June 30, 1934 along with a number of other SA leaders (the night of long knives) in return for the army's support in allowing Hitler to succeed Hindenburg when the president died. The German right (army, industrialists etc) thought Rohm was too dangerous.

Gestapo

Hitler's secret police

Heinrich Himmler

German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945) One of Germany's most powerful figures

Herman Goering

Reichsmarschall (Marshal of the Empire) He had been an ace fighter pilot (with 22 kills) in WWI. He joined Hitler and the Nazi party in 1922 and became a leader of the brown-shirted Stormtroopers (Strumabteilung, hence, "Brownshirts") . In 1933.

Josef Goebbels

a German politician and Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda during the Nazi regime "the whole function of education is to create Nazis"

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

March on Rome

A strike "led" by Mussolini (who was no where to be found during this March) in which 30,000 or so Blackshirts marched to Rome and Mussolini was legally put into power

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' written by Hitler while he was in prison after the Beer Hall Putsch, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

Munich Beer Hall Putsch

The Nazis' first attempt to take over power in 1923. They marched on Munich city halls but were put down by police and Hitler was arrested. After this event Hitler became leader of the Nazi party.

Munich Pact

Signed in 1938 between Great Britain, Gemany, and France that gave part of Czechoslovakia to Germany; Chamberlain said it guaranteed "peace in our time"

Nazism

the fascist policies of the national Socialist German Workers' party, based on totalitarianism, a belief in racial superiority, and state control of industry.

Nuremberg Laws

Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books. Robbed them of Citizenship. 1935.

Pacifism

the belief that all international disputes can be settled by arbitration, foundation of Appeasement Policy

Rhineland

name of the territory in which Hitler sent troops into in defiance of the Versailles treaty in 1935.

Rome-Berlin Axis

The alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler)

Tripartite Pact

Pact between Japan, Germany, and Italy signed in September 1940, by which each pledged to declare war on any nation that attacked any of them

Versailles Treaty

The compromise after WW1, settled land and freedom disputes. Germany had to take full blame for the war in order for the treaty to pass, among other things. The US Senate rejected it.

Weimar Republic

The german government from 1917-1933 overthrown by Nazis

Night of the Long Knives

June, 30, 1934. On this night, Hitler sent his elite guards (Schutzstaffel/ SS/ black shirts) to kill the Storm Troopers, led by Ernst Röhm, and other non-Nazi political opponents.

Nazi-Soviet Non Agression Pact

An agreement between Germany (Hitler) and the Soviet Union (Stalin) not to go to war against each other- Hitler wanted to avoid a 2 Front war, Stalin needed time to build up his forces

Hindenburg

German war hero in WW1, was elected to be president when he was 84 and in poor health. The Nazis took full advantage of his old age.

Kornilov

Imperial Russian general, who was accused of attempting to overthrow the provisional government established in Russia after the February Revolution of 1917 and to replace it with a military dictatorship.

Kerensky

Russian revolutionary who was head of state after Nicholas II abdicated but was overthrown by the Bolsheviks (1881-1970)

Prince Lvov

led the Russian Provisional Government during the Russian revolution's initial phase, from March 1917 until he relinquished control to Alexander Kerenski in July 1917.

Rasputin

Russian monk. Known for his sinful indulgences, his ability to cure Czarevich Alexis' hemophilia gave him power over Czar Nicholas II. He was assassinated in 1916.

Nicholas II

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

Lenin

founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

Trotsky

right hand man to Lenin; leader of the Red Army; could follow in Lenin's footsteps

February Revolution

the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917

October Revolution

the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922

Red Army

Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background

White Army

Military units who wanted to drive out the Bolsheviks

Mensheviks

The party which opposed to the Bolsheviks. Started in 1903 by Martov, after dispute with Lenin. This group wanted a democratic party with mass membership.

Bolsheviks

Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian government near the end of WWI

Czech Legion

Trapped in Russia by the revolution, took a vast area of land east of the Volga and they fought on the white side

War Communism

in World War I Russia, government control of banks and most industries, the seizing of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under Communist control

NEP

New Economic policy in Soviet Russia to prevent Russia's economy from collapsing

CHEKA

Secret police set up by Lenin-arrested "enemies of the revolution".

apparatchiks

network of bureaucrats loyal to Stalin through which he controlled the bureaucracy

Soviets

a Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers.

Provisional Government

The government established in 1917 which replaced Nicholas II when he abdicated. The only mistake of this government was not getting Russia out of the brutal World War I.

Brest Litovsk

Russia signed a humiliating peace treaty with Germany at this site and dropped out of the war, marking Russia's exit from World War I by conceding Lithuania, Poland, and Finland. Although Lenin supported peace many other Bolsheviks were not prepared to lose one third of the population to Germany.

Army Order #1

Given by the Provisional Government, this stripped the army officers of power, and placed it in hand of elected committees. This collapsed army discipline

Council of People's Commissars

Government council composed of representatives from soviets across Russia and headed by Lenin; form of government initially established after November 1917.

October Manifesto

(1905), issued by Nich. II, attempted to quiet strikes, local revolts, promised freedom of speech and assembly, called the Duma into session

Father Gapon

he led the workers who went to the Winter Palace with a petition for the improvement of industrial conditions

Bloody Sunday

In Russia 1905 Russian soldiers inadvertently opened fire on demonstrators, turning them against the tsar. Possibly the start of the Revolution.

What is to be Done

Lenin's book: revolution led by vanguard of the proletariat (small group of elite) to overthrow tsar and establish socialism

Communist Manifesto

a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views

Karl Marx

German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894).

Communism

a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Socialism

An economic system in which government owns some factors of production and participates in answering economic questions. It offers some security and benefits to those who are less fortunate, homeless, or under-employed.

Liberalism

a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.

Conservatism

a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes

Anarchism

A political philosophy that opposes government in any form.

Proletariat

a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages

Bourgeoisie

Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production

Ideology

the body of doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group.

Platform

a document stating the aims and principles of a political party

Authoritarian

subordinating the individual to the state; completely dominating another's will

Totalitarian

referring to a form of government in which one person or party holds absolute control

Kaiser Wilhelm II

King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany whose political policies led his country into World War I. He was forced from power when Germany lost the war

Tsar Nicholas II

the Romanov ruler of Russia who was forced to give up his throne and flee with his family

King George V

He was the king from England during World War I. His empire took up more than a quarter of the globe. King George was a descendant of Queen Victoria.

Bismark

-Prussian junker, became Chancellor of unified Germany, believed you dont start a war you arent sure you can win.

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Franz Ferdinand

archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I

Admiral Von Tirpitz

(1849-1930) German naval architect who developed the "risk" theory which stated that a German fleet could not defeat the British navy, but weaken it enough to match those of France and the United States.

Dreikaiser Bund

Three Emperors League, Germany, Russia, Austria Hungary

Ludendorff

junior German officer who captured or destroyed entire Russian armies at Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes; determined that peace should be made before the German army could be defeated in the field and the responsibility for ending the war should fall on the civilians