Investigation 6: Work and Energy
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28 Terms
work
a change in a state of a system caused by a force applied along a displacement
work done by
when the system exerts a force on an external object in the direction of the object’s displacement
work done on
when an external force exerted by an external object on a system is in the direction of the system’s displacement
pressure
the magnitude of the perpendicular component of a force per unit area
isobaric process
a thermodynamic process in which pressure remains constant
energy
a quantitative property of a system that is associated with the motion of particles and the relative position of particles, measured in the SI unit of the joule (J)
kinetic energy
the energy associated with an object’s motion
linear (transitional energy) kinetic energy
the kinetic energy associated with an object with velocity that is moving through space
angular (rotational) kinetic energy
the kinetic energy associated with the rotational motion of objects rotating about an axis
total kinetic energy
the sum of any linear kinetic energy and any angular kinetic energy
thermal energy
the energy, on a microscopic scale, that is associated with the random motions of molecules or other particles and is proportional to temperature
work-energy theorem
a theorem that states that the total work done on a system is equal to the changes in the system’s kinetic energy
energy bar chart
a visual representation of the changes in a system’s energy
power
the rate at which energy is transmitted in a system
potential energy
the energy associated with the position of an object or the arrangement of a system of objects that exert forces on one another
gravitational potential energy
the energy an object has due to its position in a gravitational field
elastic potential energy
the energy associated with the ability of an object to do work as a result of being deformed from its original shape
electrostatic potential energy
the work required to move a charged particle infinitely far away from another charged particle
magnetic potential energy
the energy associated with the ability of an object to do work due to its position and orientation in a magnetic field; also known as electrodynamic potential energy
mechanical energy
the sum of all the kinetic energies and potential energies in a system
conservative force
a force for which the work done depends only on the initial and final positions and not the path between those positions
nonconservative force
a force for which the work done depends only on the initial and final positions and not the path between those positions
internal energy
the energy on a microscopic scale associated with the random motion and positions of particles
law of conservation of energy
a fundamental law of physics that states that energy is neither created nor destroyed
open system
a system that allows energy or matter to be transferred between the system and the surroundings
closed system
a system that allows energy in the form of heat or work, but not mass, to be transferred between the system and its surroundings
isolated system
a type of a closed system that does not allow energy or matter to be transferred between the system and its surroundings
total energy
the sum of all the energy within a system