Chemistry (P1) - Functional Group Analysis, Reactions and Mechanisms

alkane

homologous series with the C—C functional group and the general formula CnH2n+2

State the three main reactions alkanes undergo

Combustion, cracking and halogenation

combustion

chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off heat

thermal cracking

cracking carried out at high temperatures and pressures without catalysts

catalytic cracking

cracking carried out at lower temperatures and pressures (~700 degrees Celsius), catalyzed by zeolites

zeolite

a microporous materials composed of aluminosilicates that incorporates cations

halogenation

the instance in which a hydrogen atom in an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom

free radical substitution

instance in which an atom or group molecule is replaced by a free radical

free radical

highly reactive molecule or atom, typically with an unpaired valence electron

initiation

the instance in which a free radical is formed by the breakage of bond

homolysis

the instance in which a covalent bond is broken so that each atom in a shared pair retains one electron and two free radicals are formed

propagation

the instance in which a free radical reacts with a stable molecule producing a free radical and stable molecule

termination

the instance in which two radicals react to form a stable molecule, ceasing a part of the chain created by the initial propagation

primary halogenoalkane

a type of halogenoalkane in which the halogen is bonded to a carbon atom that is only bonded to one other alkyl group

primary alcohol

a type of alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is bonded to a carbon atom that is only bonded to one other alkyl group

tertiary halogenalokane

type of halogenoalkane in which the halogen is bonded to a carbon atom that is only bonded to three other alkyl groups

tertiary alcohol

type of alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to three other alkyl groups

nucleophilic substitution

the instance in which an electron-rich species donates a pair of electrons to an electron-deficient atom in a molecule and a covalent bond is formed between the two resultantly, replacing one of the atoms in the molecule in the process

nucleophile

electron-rich species that readily donates a pair of electrons to an electron-deficient atom in a molecule

alkene

homologous series with the C=C functional group and the general formula CnH2n

electrophiles

electron-deficient species which are prone to attack electron-rich areas

The Markovnikov rule of addition to asymmetric alkenes

Rule that states that in a halogenoalkane the hydrogen will attach itself to the carbon atom that is already bonded to a relatively high amount of carbon atoms and the halogen will attach itself to the carbon atom that is bonded to the fewest amount of carbon atoms

heterolysis

the instance in which a bond is broken and both bonding electrons go to the same atom

alcohol

homologous series with the —OH functional group and the general formula CnH2n+1OH or ROH

carbonyl

homologous series with the C=O functional group and the general formula CnH2nO

aldehyde

carbonyls with one hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon in the functional group

ketone

carbonyls that have two R-groups bonded to the carbon in the functional group

Tollen’s reagent

an aqueous solution of silver nitrate in excess ammonia

Fehling’s solution

a combination of the two solutions — Fehling’s A (containing aqueous copper (II) ions) and Fehling’s B (which contains a complexing reagent and an alkali)

Brady’s reagent

2,4 DNPH

carboxylic acids

homologous series with the COOH functional group and the general formula CnH2n+1COOH

carboxylates

salts of carboxylic acids

esterification

instance in which carboxyl acids react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst and heated under reflux to form volatile alcohols and esters

esters

homologous series with the —COO functional group and the general formula RCOOR’ where R represents the groups present in a hydrocarbon chain and R’ is the alkyl group from the alcohol that made the ester

saponification

the instance in which soaps are made by the hydrolysis of fats and oils

soaps

metal salts of long-chain carboxylic acids that are made by boiling fats with sodium or potassium hydroxide

biodisel

fuel for diesel engines made from vegetable oils from plants or fats from animals

transesterification

the instance in which an ester reacts with an alcohol to form a different ester and different alcohol as a result of the alkyl groups of the two exchanging

amine

organic compounds with lone-paired nitrogen atoms

primary amines

homologous series with the —NH2 functional group and the general formula RNH2 where R is a hydrocarbon chain

aromatic compounds

organic compounds containing stable, cyclic delocalized pi-electron systems

aromatic hydrocarbons

homologous series with no actual functional group but all members sharing the aromatic ring structure with delocalized electrons

diazotisation

instance in which phenylamine reacts with nitrous acid in the presence of hydrochloric acid to for ma diazonium salt