History Midterm

feudalism

a system of structuring society that relies on labor and goods for protection and land

when does feudalism work?

when a society is decentralized

Abbasid Caliphate

3rd caliphate after Muhammad’s death

Highlights of the Abbasid Caliphate

Islamic Golden Age; continued expansion of Islamic Empire to non-Arab Muslims

Baghdad

capital of the Abbasid caliphate

House of Wisdom

“university”, place where scholars gather

What is the House of Wisdom known for?

medical and surgical advancements, distillation, preservation and translation of Greek and Roman texts

Mongols

nomadic tribe from central Asia with horsemen skills, “barbarian” sterotype

Crusades

holy wars called by Pope Urban in 1100 CE in an attempt for Christians to “reclaim” Jerusalem from Muslims

cultural diffusion

spread and transmission of ideas though contact (travel, trade, war)

anda

a permanent spiritual bond where two men pledge aid to each other; this bond was pledged between Genghis Khan and Jamukka, his childhood best friend whom eventually became his enemy

Grand Canal

canal expanded to Beijing under Kublai Khan’s rule that increased trade and transportation efficiency in China but increased taxes

Uyghur Script

original language of which Mongolian written language was developed

Pax Mongolia

Peace of Mongolia established by Jasagh

Yuan Dynasty

unified northern and southern Song dynasty, established om 1279

Khara Khorum

capital city of the Mongol Empire

Jasagh

legal code invented by Genghis Khan, general moral injunctions and laws that led to Pax Mongolia

Sinicization

adapting policies to fit with Chinese nature

Benevolent Rule

creating policies/laws that benefit citizens

Byzantine Empire

eastern Roman empire that collapsed when invaded by the Ottoman empire

Ottoman Empire

invaded the Byzantine empire in 1453 CE, possibly causing the age of exploration

Constantinople

major trading city with routes correcting Italian city states to the Middle East, became Istanbul after fall of Byzantine

Istanbul

city after Constantinople fell, trade routes and connectiond destroyed

Renaissance

a period of rebirth and revival of Greek, Roman and Islamic knowledge (art, philosophy, politics) that occured in Europe around 1350 CE

Patronage

monetary sponsorship of artists by wealthy families or individuals

Florence

city in Italy that was the center of the Italian Renaissance

Humanism

philosophy that focuses on the abilities and achievements of human beings in earth

gold florin

single unit of currency in Florence that eventually spread all over Europe

perspective

point of view in art

printing press

machine for printing text invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1440, helped to spread ideas throughout Europe and increase literacy rates

Protestant Reformation

people challenging the Catholic Church in an attempt to reform it, started by Martin Luther

Indulgences

paper sold by the church that guaranteed buyers a spot in heaven, funds used to fund construction of large church

Holy Roman Empire

\n empire established in Europe originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy, Ruled by Emperor Charles V

95 Theses

multiple thesis papers of arguments against the Catholic Church in an attempt to reform it

Diet of Worms

meeting called by Charles V to ask Martin Luther to revoke all of his statements and gave him 24 hours to flee without arrest

Peace of Augsburg

Charles V legalizes Lutheranism in the Holy Roman Empire, power move against the Catholics

Counter Reformation

church’s attempt to clear and reaffirm beliefs while attacking the Protestant faith

Inquisition

secretly putting people on trial against their will accused of heresy (lying about the church)

The Jesuits

missionaries tasked with spreading Catholic faith through education

maritime trade

efficient sea-based trade routes that initiated globalization

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368-1644, used Confusion and traditional Chinese ideas

Mandate of Heaven

a right to rule assigned to emperors from heaven, justification for succession, based on whether or not a leader is virtuous

Zhong Guo

middle kingdom, the concept that China is separate from the rest of the world and the center of civilization

Neo Confucianism

Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucian practices and values during the Ming Dynasty

Ming Voyages

led by Zheng He, 7 voyages across the Indian Ocean to east Africa in order to gain tribute for China and get other countries to acknowledge “middle kingdom” status

fabled unicorns

name for giraffes when they were first introduced to China as a tribute to the Yongle emperor

filial piety

Confucian idea of how children should treat their parents and elders with utmost respect

Forbidden City

built by Zhu Di (Yongle Emperor), in the center of Beijing

tributary system

traditional Chinese system for managing foreign relations, China would receive large gifts and tributes, in exchange for rights to trade within and maintain contact with China. Rulers of foreign lands would demonstrate subservience to China’s Emperor for these privileges, as well. 

Global Silver Trade

China’s domination of the global economy; China sought out silver to monetize it, so they began to exchange goods to Europe, Peru, and Mexico in exchange for silver gave China a globalized network but made Spain and Mexico heavily reliant on China

Columbian Exchange

one of the major effects of the Age of Exploration, exchange of new crops, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Afro Eurasia

Mercantilism

economic theory that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world and the only way to get wealthier is to colonize other countries with wealth; ideology used by Europe to justify gaining power through colonization

Atlantic Slave Trade

effect of the Age of Exploration, the transportation of African slaves by European traders to the Americas, involving a terrible journey across the Atlantic, in exchange for goods like alcohol

popular sovereignty

the principle that the authority of the state is sustained by the consent of its people; “consent of the governed”

Consent of the Governed

popular sovereignty, challenged the Divine Right and serves as the essence of democracy

Divine Right of Kings

a doctrine stating that kings receive their authority to rule from God, making political disobedience a crime against God

Edict of Nantes

official documentation that guaranteed religious freedom for Calvinists in France

The Fronde

a series of civil wars in France from 1648-1653 in opposition to the growing power of the royal government

Philosophes

famous French philosophers: Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Diderot

Encyclopedie

the ideas of the Philosophes compiled into one book by Diderot

Estates General

legislative body in France represented each Estate with one vote each

First Estate

1% of population; clergy members, paid no taxes although they owned 10% of the land, collected immense profits from peasants

Second Estate

2% of the population; nobles who had inherited their titles, special privileges from feudal times, paid few taxes and collected dues from peasants

Third Estate

97% of the population; bourgeoise, artisans, labors, peasants, bore the brunt of taxes, had to pay tithes to the church

Bourgeoisie

upper middle class; wanted more political power, resented paying taxes, and fought for titles

French Revolution

a period of social upheaval from 1787-1799; caused by financial crisis, detachment from monarchy, rise in Enlightenment ideas; end goal was to change relationship between rulers and subjects

Haitian Revolution

the overthrow of the French regime in Haiti resulting in the end of slavery and equality for all people across race and class, one revolt against slavery and one for independence

National Assembly

body formed when 3rd Estate broke away from the Estates General, wrote “The Declaration of the Rights of Man”

The Declaration of the Rights of Man

document written by the National Assembly to advocate for individual rights and freedom

Storming of the Bastille

July 14, 1789; when the 3rd Estate stormed a prison in Paris, one of the first official acts of the French Revolution

Reign of Terror

a period of the French Revolution where the radical wing of the National Convention took power and formed the Committee for Public Safety, led by Maximilien Robespierre, executed 40,000 citizens including King Louis XVI and Mary Antoinette

Genghis Khan

Emperor of the Mongols; prioritized military organization and cutthroat battle tactics, established Khara Korum; four legacies: religious tolerance (no forced conversion), written language based on Uyghur script, recognized importance of trade and crafts for economic survival, legal code of Jasagh

Temujin

Genghis Khan’s birth name before changing it in 1206, after uniting the Mongol tribes

Börte

Genghis Khan’s wife, often ruled his empire while he was off on military campaigns

Jamukka

a Mongol military and political leader, Temujin’s close friend and anda bond, but eventually his biggest rival in trying to unify the Mongolian tribes

Kublai Khan

“The Great Khan”; Genghis Khan’s grandson, known for defeating southern Song dynasty to create the Yuan dynasty and moving capital to Beijing

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) an Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect, famous works: mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, sculpture of David.

Filippo Brunelleschi

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446), famous work: dome of the Florence cathedral

Medici Family

Family who ruled Florence during the Renaissance; became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence through wealth for about 3 centuries

Johannes Gutenberg

inventor of the printing press in 1440

Desiderius Erasmus

important writer during the renaissance, wrote The Praise of Folly (parody mocking/criticising the church)

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church; in 1517, he wrote 95 theses and started the Protestant Reformation

Emperor Charles V

Holy Roman emperor; called Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms and declared him to be an outlaw, banished Luther from the HRE, but eventually signed the Peace of Augsburg, legalizing Lutheranism

Frederick the Wise

German elector who gave Martin Luther a place to hide after he was declared an outlaw

King Henry VIII

English king from 1509-1547, famous for his six marriages and his efforts to have his first marriage annulled leading to the founding of the Church of England/Anglican faith

Emperor Hongwu

Zhu Yuanzhang, born a peasant and became a Monk; founder of the Ming Dynasty, as an emperor

Emperor Yongle

Zhu Dui, related to Em. Hongwu; moved capital back to Beijing, built Forbidden city, started te Ming voyages

Zheng He

famous admiral and leader of the Ming voyages; Muslim and Eunuch, hired by Emperor Yongle to lead the Treasure Fleet, died in 1422 on last voyage and body was never found

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer and navigator who explored the Caribbean for Spain and is most famous for “discovering” the Americas and marked the beginning of transatlantic colonization

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer and the first European to sail to India by sea by going around Africa in 1492

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who circumnavigated the globe in 1522, most famous for leading the 1519 Spanish expedition to the East Indies across the Pacific Ocean

Henry the Navigator

Portuguese navigator best known for his expeditions that started the process of European colonization and the Atlantic Slave Trade

John Locke

enlightenment thinker who advocated for the natural rights to life, liberty, and property and believed that all humans are born good

Jean Jacques Rosseau

enlightenment thinker who believed in checks and balances, popular sovereignty, and that government officials should be elected though democratic voting

Baron de Montesquieu

enlightenment thinker who believed in a three-branch government and checks and balances

Voltaire

enlightenment thinker who advocated for freedom of speech and religious freedom

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan military and political leader who was nicknamed “El LIbertador” for helping nations become independent from Spain

Father Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest typically regarded as the “Father of Mexican Independence” for his major role in leading the Mexican War of Independence; famous speech: *Cry of Dolores*

King Charles I

English king who reigned from 1625-1649; uncooperative with Parliament even though he signed the Petition of Right (restricting the King’s power); eventually disbanded Parliament and violated Habeas Corpus by holding secret trials, prompts a civil war that leads to his execution and the fall of English monarchy

Queen Elizabeth I

English queen who reigned from 1558-1605; restored Protestant faith to England, respected parliament and established relative peace with Catholics, defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, Golden Age of England