LA Internal - Lower Respiratory | Quizlet

Causes of Bronchopneumonia

1. Viral

- IBR, BRSV, BVD, PIV, Adeno (sheep), Reovirus, Rhinovirus

2. Bacterial

- M. Hemolytica, P. Multicodia, Actinomyces, Actinobacillus, strep, chlamydia,

Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma Mycoides - BPP

3. Tuberculosis - M. Bovis

4. Parasites - Dictyocaulus, ascarid larve, migration of F. Hepatica

C/S of Bronchopneumonia

1. Nasal discharge - muco-purulent

2. Cough

3. Tachypnea

4. Increase breathing sounds - crackles & wheezes

5. Decrease app & milk

6. Fever? Toxaemia

How do you detect consolidation of the lungs?

1. No lung sounds

2. Bronchi not obstructed- whistling sound could indicate narrowing of airways, use endoscopy

3. No fluid in pleural cavity

Percussion used to localise it - bronchitis

• Lung consolidation is the replacement of air in the lung's alveoli with other substances like pus, blood, or fluid, often due to infection.

Treatment of bronchopneumonia

1. Antibiotics - Tilmicosin, penicillin, amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, Florfenicol (IM?)

2. NSAID - Flunixin IV, meloxicam

3. Corticosteroids (serve) - Dexamethasone IM (nb immunosupression)

4. Good ventilation

5. Fluid therapy - for DH & balance metabolic acidosis (see fluid therapy)

How to differentiate Bronchopneumonia from bronchitis

bronchitis

1. Lower fever

2. Louder cough

3. No dull areas with percussion

4. No absences of respiratory sounds as auscultation

bronchitis limited to bronchi while pnuemonia id infalmm of lungs primarily alveoli

What is Interstitial pneumonia?

inflamm of alveolar wall and interstitium

Acute respiratory distress system or syndrome of feed lot cattle

Name two conditions resulting in interstitial pneumonia

1. Fog fever

2. Bovine farmers lung

What is fog fever?

Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (atypical of interstitial pneumonia)

Causes of fog fever

The rapid change from dry to lush pasture

Bc increase consumption of tryptophan -> convered to METHLINDOL in rumen

= alveoli injury (not bronchi)

Causes of Bovine farmers lung

Hypersensitivity to mould on plants or dust in environment

In house cattle in dusty environment or fed mouldy feed for long time

C/S of Fog fever in adult cows

1. Distress

2. Cough

3. Dyspnea, Tachypnea

4. Subcutaneous emphysema - whiteners, ventral thorax, leg

- reluctance to move

5. Bloat & diarrhoea (sometimes)

(No signs in Young cattle)

C/S of bovine farmers lung

1. Chronic cough

2. Acute dyspnea

3. Tachypnea

4. Dry crackles

5. Loss of BSC

6. It forced to walk - DIE :(

Treatment of fog fever

1. Don't Move them!

No real treatment usually slaughter but

- corticosteroids & NSAIDS may help

Treatment of Bovine farmers lungs

1. Improve environment

2. Don't move them

Usually no treatment - slaughter but

- NSAIDS & corticosteroids can help

Causative agent of lungworm pneumonia in cattle & sheep

Cattle - dictyocaulus viviparus

Sheep - dictyocaulus filaria, Muellaris capillaris (most common)

C/S of lungworm pneumonia

1. Cough

2. Tachypnea

3. Consolidation of lungs

4. Weight loss

5. Death - untreated

Diagnosis of lungworm pneumonia

1. Fecal sedimentation

2. Bearmans

Treatment of lung worm pneumonia - PQ

1. Fenbendazole - cow & sheep PO

2. Albendazole - cow & sheep PO

3. Levamisole

4. Moxidectin - Cow: SC, pour on, sheep: PO

5. Ivermectin - cow: PO, SC, Pour-on, sheep: PO

3-5 days

What is Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)?

Slow viral disease, chronic progressive wasting pneumonia

Who is mostly affected by Ovine progressive pneumonia

2-3yrs old

Death in 6-12m

Clinical signs of ovine progressive pneumonia

1. Dry cough

2. Expiratory dyspnea

3. Tachypnea

4. Exercise intolerance

5. Emaciation despite good appetite

treatment of ovine progressive pneumonia

None

What is ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma?

Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis

Transmissible bronchoalveolar carcinoma in sheep

Cased by retrovirus

C/S of ovine pulmonary carcinoma

1. Cough

2. Dyspnea

3. Tachypnea

4. Watery mucosa & discharge when lowered head

5. Progressive weight loss with normal appetitive

6. Normal temperature

Treatment of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma

None

Death in few weeks - bc hypoxia or dyspnea

Causes of aspiration pneumonia

1. Stomach tube

2. Bucket fed calf

3. Drenching e.g., calcium liquid

4. Paralysis of larynx & esophagus

5. Obstruction of esophagus

6. Vomiting

c/s of aspiration pneumonia?

1. Cough

2. Tachypnea

3. Abnormal lung sounds - if bronchopneumonia

4. Smelly breath - bc lung necrosis

5. Fever

Treatment of aspiration pneumonia

Poor prognosis, animal dies eventually

If not serve - NSAIDS & AB might help

- NSAIDS: Flunixin, meloxicam

- AB: tilcomisin, penicillin, amoxicillin, enroflaxacin, Florfenicol etc.

What is pulmonary emphysema?

Over dilation of the alveoli, causing rupture of wall with or w/o air in interstitial space

Causes of pulmonary emphysema

1. Acute interstitial pneumonia = fog fever

2. Poisoning by plants - rape & fungi

3. Inhalation of noxious gas (remember also laryngitis & tracheitis)

C/S of pulmonary emphysema

1. Expiratory dyspnea

2. Auscultation: crackles

3. Percussion: tympanic sound

4. Subcutaneous emphysema - mediastinum & fasciae plane

Treatment of pulmonary emphysema PQ

1. Treat primary cause

No specific therapy - cannot repair the lung

2. Anti-histamines - diphenyldramine - IV, IM, pour on

3. Corticosteroid - Dexamethasone

- may help to open bronchi

4. Oxygen - serve cases

What is pulmonary edema?

fluid in the lungs - discharge, transudate or exudate

Causes of pulmonary edema

1. Pneumonia

2. Inhalation of noxious gas

3. Poisoning

4. Anaphylaxis

5. Too fast fluid infusion

6. Recumbency

7. Acute left sided HF

C/S of pulmonary edema

1. Dyspnea

2. Harsh breath sound

3. Soft-loud crackles on ventral area

4. Soft moist cough

5. Frothy nasal discharge

"Foamy fluid form the nose, dyspnea, dead"

Treatment of pulmonary edema PQ

Careful handling - roughness = death

1. Remove causative agent i.e., fluid or poison

2. Rest

3. Furosemide - anti-diuretic

4. NSAID or glucocorticoids - poison

5. Epinephrine - anaphylaxis

6. Oxygen in serve cases

What is embolic pneumonia in cattle?

Caudal vena cava thrombosis - caused by acidosis

Massive intrapulmonary hemorrhage or / & pulmonary abscess

Causes of caudal vena cava thrombosis

1. Acidosis

2. Hepatic abscess

3. Cava phlebitis

4. Aneurysm

5. Thrombus emboli

6. Pulmonary artery embolism

7. Hypertension

8. Rupture of artery

C/S of caudal vena cava thrombosis

1. Fever

2. Dyspnea

3. Epistaxis / hemophytis

4. Pale mucus membranes

5. Abnormal breath sounds

6. Loss appetite

Also hepatic & heart disease signs

Treatment of caudal vena cava thrombosis

None - slaughter

What is pleuritis?

inflammation of the pleura

causes of pleuritis

1. Traumatic penetration of thoracic wall

2. Infection of pleura & lungs - Manhemia, pasturella, Actinobacillus, mycoplasma

3. Penetrating FO from reticulum

4. Infection in lymphatics

C/S of pleuritis

1. Shallow abdominal breathing, reduced rib movement

2. Painful - abducted elbows

3. Reluctance to move

4. Fever, toxaemia

5. Abnormal sounds in Ascultation

Many signs of penumonia & pleuropneumonia

Describe auscultation of pleuritis

1-3d - normal fluids = no sounds, then turns to dry inflammation = friction & pain

3-4d - acummulation of fluid in lower parts

4+d - Fibrosis bc exudate is high in protein & separates from fluids = sponge

Diagnosis of pleuritis

Percussion - dull on bottom = fluid, tympanic on top

USG - fluid between pleura

Treatment of pleuritis

Poor prognosis - only valuable animals

1. Drain fluid - thoracocentesis

2. Long term AB

3. NSAIDS

Note might need colloids, bc fluid will leave blood to go to high protein fluid (too dear for cattle)

What is hydrothorax, hemothorax & chylothorax respectively

1. Transudate in thoracic cavity

2. Blood fluid in thoracic cavity

3. Lymph in the thoracic cavity

What causes accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity

Transudate

1. Congestive HF

2. Hypo-protemia

3. Bovine viral leukosis

Blood fluid

1. Trauma to thoracic wall

2. Injury

3. Neoplasia

Lymph

1. Injury to thoracic duct

C/S of fluid accumulation in thoracic cavity

1. Dyspnea

2. Decreased rib movement

3. Absent breath ventrally

4. Pale mucus membrane - hemothorax

5. Dull sounds on horizontal line percussion

6. No fever, toxemia or pain (differ from pleuritis)

Treatment of thoracic fluid accumulation

1. None - slaughter

2. Thoracocentsis - drainage

Difference between pleuritis, hydrothorax & hemothorax

Pleuritis

1. Fever, toxemia, pain

2. High leukocytes, high protein

Hydrothorax

1. No pain, fever, toxemia, inflamm

2. Plasma like fluid - no leukocytes, no protein

3. No blood

Hemothorax

1. No pain, fever, toxemia or inflam

2. Anemia, pale mm - low HGB, HT, RBC

Hemo test for blood exudate - HCT 9-10, blood 40

Don't remove - can be reabsorbed

What is a pneumothorax?

accumulation of air in the pleural cavity, pressure causing lungs to collapse

Causes of pneumothorax

Trauma / rupture of lung

1. Rib fracture

2. Spontaneous

3. Thoracocentesis, one way drainage (fluid in on air out)

4. Thoracic wall wounds - gas through mediastinum

C/S of pneumothorax

1. Tension, collapse of lungs = dyspena

2. Percussion - hyperesonance, tympanic

3. Auscultation - no breath only heart sounds

Treatment of pneumothorax

1. tension pneumothorax - thoracocentesis - removal of gas

- needle & tube in bucket with saline - see bubble

2. Simple pneumothorax - air abs

What is a diaphragmatic hernia

Where a part of digestive E enters the pleura cavity

Causes of diaphragmatic hernia

1. Congenital

2. Traumatic

C/S of diaphragmatic hernia

1. None

2. Dysepna - suppression on lungs

3. Colic

4. Intestinal sounds in thorax

Treatment of diaphragmatic hernia

1. Surgery

2. Slaughter - best