Apologia Advanced Biology Module 1 Study Guide for Test

Gross anatomy

The study of the parts of the body we can see

Microscopic anatomy

The study of structures so small that they require a microscope to be seen

Physiology

The study of how the body's parts function and work together to make the human body the wonder it is

Histology

The study of tissues

Organ

A group of tissues specialized for a particular function

Tissues

A group of cells forming various building materials of the body

Homeostasis

A state of dynamic equilibrium in the body with respect to its internal environment and functions

Effector

A structure in the body that can change the value of a variable in response to a signal from the control center

Selective permeability

The ability to let certain materials in or out while restricting others

Endocytosis

Taking large molecules into the cell

Exocytosis

Transportation of material from inside the cell to outside the cell using vesicles; also called secretion

Anatomy course

The name of each organ and where it is in the body

Whole organism,

The first levels of organization in a living organism

organ systems

second level of organization in an organism

Epithelial

The type of tissue that makes up your skin, inner lining of respritory passages, and other passages and tracts in your body.

Muscular

The type of tissue that makes up the muscle

Connective

The type of tissue that makes up the cartilage in your joints, bones, the deeper layer of skin, and the bindings or connectors around and between organs.

Nervous

makes up brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Stress

The general term for the processes in the environment that threaten homeostasis

negative feedback system

a process that results in a response that reverses the original stimulus to regulate organ systems and mantain homeostasis

Endocrine and nervous systems

Which two organ systems are most involved in controlling the negative-feedback systems of the body?

Plasma membrane

Holds the cell together & controls what comes in and goes out

Nucleus

Spreads out the DNA it contains

Cytoplasm

Has cytosol

Ribosomes

Synthesize proteins, which determine the cell's function

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Intracellular transport, produces lipids and carbohydrates

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Intracellular transport, synthesizes proteins

Golgi apparatus

Packages various chemicals for secretion

Secretory vesicle

Releases a chemical when it gets a signal from the cell

Lysosome

Breaks down lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, carbs, and nucleic acids (suicide sack)

Centrioles

Necessary for cellular reproduction and spindle formation

Cilia

Tiny hairs that get rid of junk and provide for movement of molecules

Microfilaments

Enable certain cells to contract or maintain their shape

Mitochondria

Produces most of the cell's cellular energy

Prophase, ,

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Polarity

the property of phospholipids gives the plasma membrane the ability to automatically reassemble.

the function of a glycoprotein in the plasma membrane

allowing cells to recognize eachother

the function of a receptor protein in the plasma membrane

Recieving messages from other cells

Phospholipids are

the "fluid" in fluid mosaic?

All the different proteins floating there

the "mosaic" in fluid mosaic?

Endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, channel proteins, carrier proteins, phospholipids

The six ways a substance can get through the plasma membrane

Channel proteins

How does water get through the plasma membrane?

Pinocytosis

How does a protein get through the plasma membrane?

Charged channel proteins

How does a Mg2+ ion get through the plasma membrane?

Carrier proteins

How does a monosaccharide (simple sugar) get through the plasma membrane?

Phagocytosis

How does an invading bacterium get through the plasma membrane?

Phospholipids

How does a lipid get through the plasma membrane?

Active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

No

When a glucose molecule enters a cell and the concentration of glucose inside the cell is lower than the concentration of glucose outside the cell, did the cell use ATP to get the glucose inside?

passive transport

The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy

Organ

third level of organization in an organism

tissues

fourth level of organization in an organism

cells

fith level of organization in an organism

organelles

sixth level of organization in an organism

molecules

seventh level of organization in an organism

Anaphase

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

telophase

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.