sociologists

Durkheim Functionalist

Social solidarity skills Functionalism

Durkheim Critic

Marxists say ignores inequality Marxist

Parsons Functionalist

Bridge family to society Meritocracy

Parsons Critic

Assumes fair equal opportunity Marxist Feminist

Davis and Moore Functionalist

Sort talent role allocation

Davis and Moore Critic

myth of meritocracy

Althusser Marxist

Education spreads ruling class ideas ISA ideology

Althusser Critic

Too deterministic ignores resistance Interactionist

Bowles and Gintis Marxist

School mirrors work Hidden curriculum correspondence principle

Bowles and Gintis Critic

Willis shows WC resist school Neo Marxist

Willis Neo Marxist

WC lads form anti school subculture

Willis Critic

Small sample not generalisable Functionalist

Bourdieu Marxist

MC culture advantage Cultural capital habitus

Bourdieu Critic

Not all WC fail Functionalist

Bernstein Culturalist

Language codes affect success Elaborated restricted codes

Bernstein Critic

Overgeneralises WC language Culturalist

Sugarman Culturalist

WC fatalism present time focus Cultural deprivation

Sugarman Critic

Culture not fixed Functionalist

Rosenthal and Jacobson Interactionist

Teacher expectations affect achievement Self fulfilling prophecy

Rosenthal and Jacobson Critic

Lacks real world scope Marxist

Becker Interactionist

Teachers label MC ideal pupil Labelling

Becker Critic

Ignores external factors Functionalist

Ball Interactionist

Streaming benefits MC harms WC Streaming class divide

Ball Critic

Ethnicity not fully explored Critical Race

Gilborn and Youdell Critical Race

Teacher racism black pupils disadvantaged Institutional racism

Gilborn and Youdell Critic

Ignores black pupil success Interactionist

Fuller Interactionist

Black girls resist negative labels Positive subculture

Mac an Ghaill Interactionist

Class gender subcultures Masculinity identity

Sharpe Feminist

Girls change priorities Career ambition

Jackson Feminist

Boys reject school to look cool Laddish subculture

Francis Feminist

Boys fear peer ridicule Peer pressure gender

Mitsos and Browne Feminist

Boys literacy gap causes failure Gender gap

Archer Postmodernist

WC girls gain status via style Symbolic capital identity

Sewell Neo Marxist

Black boys lack role models Peer pressure responses to racism

Coard Critical Race

Ethnocentric curriculum ignores black culture Institutional racism

Mirza Critical Race

Black girls avoid racist teachers Strategic racism

Chubb and Moe New Right

Market choice improves schools Consumer choice

Illich Radical

Schools reproduce inequality Deschooling

Foucault Postmodern

Surveillance controls students Discipline power

Howard Materialist

Poor diet reduces focus Material deprivation

Tough and Brooks Interactionist

MC parents pick best schools Parental choice

Gewirtz Interactionist

Parental types affect choice Privileged choosers

Ball and Whitty Marxist

Marketisation helps MC worsens WC inequality

Heaton and Lawson Feminist

Schools reinforce gender roles Hidden curriculum patriarchy

Skeggs Feminist

WC women judged on looks Symbolic violence

Callender and Jackson Feminist

WC avoid uni fear debt Debt aversion

Rist Interactionist

Teachers label WC early Labelling

Hargreaves Interactionist

Streaming causes WC rebellion Anti school subculture