A&P Skeleton #1 VET TECH

What is endochondral ossification?

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

What is intramembranous ossification?

The transformation of mesenchymal tissue into bone.

Use the mnemonic FLIPS to list the different types of bone found in the animal skeleton. Give examples

Flat Skull, pelvis

Long Humerus, femur

Irregular vertebrae, sesamoid

Pneumatic Air spaces to breath (birds)

Short carpals, tarsals

What does the AXIAL skeleton comprise of?

Skull, vertebrae, mandible, hyoid apparatus, ribs, sternum

What does the APPENDICULAR skeleton comprise of?

forelimbs and hindlimbs ( aka thoracic limbs and pelvic limbs

What does the VISCERAL skeleton comprise of?

Os penis in the male dog

Os cordis in the heart

Os rostri in the pig nose

Compare Compact vs Spongy bone

Compact hard, dense, covering layer, withstands weight, yellow bone marrow

Spongy (aka cancellous) porus, light, inner layer, buffer, red bone marrow

What is an osteon?

The large circular structure in bone tissue that surrounds a Haversian canal

What is a Haversian canal?

Channels in osteons of bone tissue that contain blood vessels and nerves

What is an osteoblast vs osteoclast?

Osteoblast secret collegen to form matrix, make new bone

Osteoclast break down and reabsorbs bone

What is an osteocyte and where is it found?

regulates homeostasis, found in the lacunae

What is the difference between brachycephalic, mesocephalic and dolichocephalic

What is the periosteum? Where is it found?

A tough membrane that surrounds bones. Supplies blood, nerves, and a place for muscles to attach

Name the head, and shaft of the long bones. What is the growth plate in between called?

Epiphysis, Diaphysis, growth plate aka Metaphysis

The skull is in two main parts, what are they known as? ( upper and lower)

Cranium and the mandible

What is the foramen magnum in the cat?

the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.

Where is the incisive bone?

Dark blue/purple area above the incisor teeth

Where is the nasal bone?

Baby blue area above the incisive bone

Where is the infraorbital foramen, why would we want to use it?

The small hole beneath the orbit. Use if to give nerve blocks for dental extractions

Where is the frontal bone?

Large orange/red area

Where is the parietal bone?

Large green area behind the frontal bone

Where is the sagittal crest?

Small dark blue area above the parietal bone

Where is the maxilla?

The light purple area above the teeth of the upper jaw

Where is the lacrimal bone in the cat?

Where is the zygomatic bone/arch?

The pale green area below the orbit

Where is the temporal bone?

The brown area below the parietal bone

Where is the occipital bone?

The orange area behind the parietal and temporal bones

Where is the mandible?

The dark purple lower jaw

Where is the mandibular symphysis on the cat?

Where are the body, ramus and the coronoid process on the mandible of the dog?

Where is the tympanic bulla?

The bulbus area at the ventral aspect of the temporal bone

Where is the external auditory meatus

Name the suture that runs between the frontal bones

The frontal suture

Name the suture that runs across the skull in between the frontal and parietal bones

coronol suture

Name the small bone that lies inbetween the frontal and parietal bones

The bregma ( dark blue area)

Name the suture that runs between the parietal bones

The sagittal suture

Where is the hyoid apparatus and what does it do?

A group of bones that help hold the tongue and in place

How many pairs of ribs does a cat have? How many are true, false and floating?

13 pairs

9 True (attaches to the sternum)

3 False ( attach to each other and the sternum)

1 floating

What are the landmarks on the sternum ?

jugular notch, manubrium, xiphoid process

List the vertebra in order, how many of each in the cat?

Cervical 7

Thoracic 13

Lumbar 7

Sacral 3 (fused)

Coccygeal varied

What are the names of C1 and C2 cat

atlas and axis

What does the atlas in the cat look like?

What does the axis look like? What is the function of the dens?

To articulate with the atlas

What does a cervical vertebra in the cat look like?

The red arrow is pointing to the vertebral canal

What does the thoracic vertebra in the cat look like?

Very tall spinous processes

What does the lumbar vertebra in a cat look like?

Long transverse processes

What does the sacral vertebra look like? What is different about these three vertebra?

The bones are fused

What does the coccygeal vertebra in a cat look like?