Philosophy

Philosophy

_____ acknowledges how it is difficult to provide a definite answer to some questions.

Love of wisdom

Pythagoras coined the term philosophy with the meaning?

 “Philia”(Love) and “Sophia”(wisdom)

Philosophy comes from the Greek words?

Fundamental

 basic, primary, first, principal.

 A Philosopher

The one who does Philosophy

wisdom

The Philosopher does not claim to be wise, but a lover of?

Science is organized knowledge; wisdom is organized life.

Immanuel Kant said _____

asking, answering and arguing for their answers to life’s most basic questions.

Philosophy helps individuals to perpetually engage in _____.

Wisdom (Sophia)

 Is the Highest form of knowledge.

Opinion (Doxa)

Is the lowest form of knowledge, lacks any proof or justification.

Scientific Knowledge (Episteme)

Is the kind of knowledge that has grounded or justified assertions. Founds the different scientific domains ranging from physics to geology, psychology to economics, etc.

Holistic Perspective

 It is an analytical and critical reflection and assumption reality which maximizes information and/or established relevant facts, values and beliefs in order to look at reality’s bigger picture. 

Partial Perspective

It is a naïve opinion or assumption reality that is based on mere observations, or sense experiences.

Metaphysics

Study of nature of reality which includes what exists in the world, what it is like, and how it is ordered. (time, motion, change, being, essence, nature, operation, transcendence.)

Epistemology

It is the study of the scope and nature of knowledge. (Truth, validity, idea, mind)

Value Theory

This frames the way man thinks how he does things.

Ethics

It studies and evaluates human conduct. (moral, rightness, human acts, freedom, responsibility, conscience.)

Aesthetics

 It is the study of the nature of beauty and of art. (symmetry, balance, harmony, measure).

Logic is not philosophy but a tool of philosophy.

Aristotle stated that Logic is _____.

Systematic Doubt

Philosophers employ a skeptical attitude in looking at ideas, events or things.

Socratic Method

It is a didactic dialogue of questioning that is expressed in the critical examination and cross-examination of the positions of every participant in the dialogue.

The Socratic Method is a way of thinking that involves three important steps in arriving at the truth.

-give an initial definition of a thing or a concept.

-look for those characteristics of the thing that are not captured in the initial definition

-give additional or new definitions of the thing/reality.

Argument

These are discourses which prove something(the conclusion) on the basis of certain facts or propositions (the premises).  It can be expressed either verbally or in written form.

Arguments Involves:

-Premise (propositions used to justify a conclusion)

   -Conclusion

Thought experiment.

These are imagined scenarios used to illustrate a certain problem or describe a theory. They're Often Communicated in narrative form, frequently with diagrams.

Philosophy as knowledge of reality (knowledge of reality)

Reason or mind goes through certain levels before it reaches the highest form of knowledge from sensible things to intelligible ones, from mere appearances, copies of original things beyond this world, to the forms or things-in-themselves.

Philosophy as Knowledge from the Self (Knowledge from the self)

One must, at least once in his life, doubt everything that can be doubted.

Philosophy as an Exercise of One’s Will to Power (Will to Power)

To do philosophy is to find ways in which we can exercise power over our existence; not deny its dynamism, but to creatively harness your power so long as we exist.

Philosophy as Phenomenology (phenomenon)

Phenomenology summons an alternative way of viewing things or of gaining knowledge about the world

Philosophy as Critique (Criticism)

To offer a critique does not entail saying negative things about the object criticized, but consists in seeing on what type of assumptions, of familiar notions of established, unexamined ways of thinking the accepted practices are based.

Soul

From Plato and Aristotle, the ____ is the essence of the human person.

Man

This term refers to material beings endowed with rationality.

Persons

This term refers to the beings belonging to a moral community

forms

Plato argued that there are two existing worlds that are totally distinct from each other: the world of _____ and the world of matter.

Plato

The goal of human existence is to live life to the fullest or to experience the blessed life. For _____, the soul is the “true human person” as the soul existed prior to the body in the world fo forms.

World of ideas

The world of forms is also called the?

Prison cell

The body is the ____ ____ of the soul.

Energy

The soul is the ____ that is capable of self-motion.

tripartite

Plato’s notion of the soul is ____ in character.

Reason

This is the character of the soul referring to the mind or intellect, the conscious part of the soul.

Spirit

This is the soul's character referring to the will or volition, the inner experience that motivates humans to perform an action.

Desire

This is the soul’s character referring to emotion or appetite,  the craving of the bodily pleasure.

Morality and Virtues

Plato argues that ___ and __ are special states of the soul.

Motivations, according to Plato, originate from within people as:

• Desire to satisfy one’s instinct; 

• Desire for preservation 

• Desire for understanding the truth

Phaedrus and his horses

The charioteer (reason) controls his two horses one white (will) and one black (desire).

The world of senses

Another name for the world of matter.

Immorality

This involves succumbing to the desires of the flesh.

Mind

Nous means?

Inseparable

Aristotle understands the soul as ____ from the body.

Nature of the Human Will

I decide (Decision), I move my body (Action), I consent (Consent).

Body

The ___ is an involuntary vehicle of the will.

acting

Dimension of fallibility at the disparity between character and happiness.

Feeling

Dimension of fallibility at the disproportion between pleasure and happiness.

Knowing

Dimension of fallibility at the disproportion between sensibility and understanding.

Possibilities

To will is to open _____.

Determinism

 is the view that everything has been set up before human existence.

Compatibilism

 is the thesis that free will is compatible with determinism.

Principle of Alternative Possibilities

(PAP) - Showing that even if there are no alternative possibilities available to a person, he/she is still morally responsible – he/she is still free.

Aristotelianism

the view that every being, including human beings, has a telos (essence or purpose or end) from the very start of its existence

AUTONOMY

- the state of being able to direct one’s life.

Existentialism

 the philosophical view that claims: “Existence precedes essence.”

Jean Paul Sarter’s view on human freedom

 it is in contradicting others that one finds herself to be truly free. One of his famous lines that relate to this is, “Hell is other people”, which is said by the character Garcin in his play “No Exit”.

Gabriel Marcel ‘s view on human freedom

it is only when one engages with others in the community is one truly free or autonomous. Unlike Sartre, who was an atheist, Marcel was a Christian convert.