PSYCH031 Quiz 2

Contemporary View: What is the self (Richard Stevens, 1996)

• Separate

• Self-contained & Independent

• Consistent

• Unitary

• Private

Moi

Person's sense of who he is, his body, and his basic identity, his biological givenness. Person's basic identity.

Personne

Social concept of what it means to be who he is - this is what adjust to social settings

Self and Culture

Marcel Mauss

Nature

Genes and Heredity factors

Nurture

Environment variables

Culture

• Customs, arts, social institutions and achievements of a particular nation, peoplez or other social group

• Product of human interaction and social heritage that have been transmitted through generations

• Learned and not inborn

Components of Culture: Norms

• Guides or models of behaviour which tells us what is right or wrong to appropriate or inappropriate

Norms: Folkways

• Customary patterns of everyday life that specify what is socially correct and proper in everyday life

Norms: Mores

• Extremely important and more considered vital for the group's welfare and survival

Norms: Laws

• Enforced formally by a specific political organisation

Components of Culture: Language

• System of symbols that have specific and arbitary meaning in given society

Components of Culture: Values

• Laws - enforced formally by a specific political organisation

Components of Culture: Fashion, Fads, Craze

• Short lived social norms with which people expected to comply with.

Filipino Culture

• Family comes first

Social influence

• Persuasive effects of people have on eachother

Areas of Social influence

• Conformity

• Compliance

• Obedience

Social Facilitation

• Other’s presence facilitates or affects our performance

Social inhibition

• Other’s presence inhibits our performance

Social Loafing

• Tendency of people to exert less effort to achieve a goal when they are in a group

Groupthinking

When group makes faulty or ineffective decisions for the sake off reaching consensus

Subculture

• Groups of people who do not exactly meet their society’s ideal

Culture Shock

• People of one culture sometimes become upset when they are confronted with those of another culture

Culture Lag

• Dysfunction in, or inability of a given society to adopt a culture immediately as a result of a disparity in the rate of change between the material and non-material elements of the culture

“Self is the sense of personal identity and of who we are as individuals”

• Jhagiani and Tarry, 2014

Psychology

The scientific study of human behaviour and mental process

Four goals of psychology

• Describe

• Explain

• Predict

• Modify

Theory of Cognitive Development

• Deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans come to acquire it

Theory of Cognitive Development: Jean Piaget

• Observed how children process and make sense of the world around them and eventually developed a four-stage model of how the mind processes the information encountered

Schema

• Building blocks of knowledge; mental organisations that individuals use to understand their environment

Adaptation

• How a child’s learning process meets the situation demands.

Stages of Cognitive Development

• Reflects the increasing sophistication of the child’s thoughts process

Assimilation

• The application of previous concepts to new concepts

Accomodation

• When existing ideas are challenged; correct your thinking so that your thought process would adopt

Object Permanence

• Ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed

Animistic Thinking

• Believing that inanimate objects are alive

Egocentrism

• Not being capable of seeing things from another person’s perspective

Conservation

Realized that some properties of an object change and other properties remain constant

Stages of CogDev: Sensorimotor

• 0-2

• Knowledge is through senses (tasting, seeing, smelling, touching, hearing)

• Object Permanence develops between 4 and 9 months

Stages of CogDev: Preoperational

• 2-5

• Verbal and Egocentric thinking develop

• Can do mentally what once could only do physically

• Conservation of shape, number, liquid not yet possible

Stages of CogDev: Concrete Operational

• 6-11

• Conservation of shape, number, liquid are now possible

• Logic and reasoning develop, but are limited to appearance and what is concretely observed

Stages of CogDev: Formal Operational

• 12 and up

• Abstract reasoning — principles and ideals develop

• Systematic problem solving is now possible (no longer just trial and error)

• Ability to think about and reflect upon one’e thinking (metacognition)

• Scientific reasoning

Social Constructivist

• Self should not be seen as static entity that stay constant through and through

• Self must be seen as something that is in increasing flux, in a constant struggle with the external reality and is malleable in it's dealings with society

• Play different roles, act in different ways depending on our circumstances

Self and Social World

• More than givenness, one is believed to be in active participation in the shaping of the self

• Men and women in growth and development engage actively in the shaping of the self

Psychology is concerned with:

• How individuals develop and mature at different life stages

• Concepts such as consciousness, memory, and reasoning

• How the individual and his environment shape his personality

• How we think, behave, and feel in certain situations

• Mental health and mental illnesses

• Character strength, coping, happiness, and well-being