Exam 4 Study Guide - Section 4

Bird sings due to hormones

Proximate

Bird sings to attract mates

Ultimate

Innate behavior

Genetically determined

Fixed action pattern triggered by

Sign stimulus

FAP runs to

Completion

Learning

Change from experience

Habituation

Stop responding

Classical conditioning

Associate two stimuli

Operant conditioning

Reward/punishment

Imprinting

Early-life bonding

Kinesis

Random movement

Taxis

Directed movement

Migration

Long-distance movement

Migration related to

Seasons

Optimal foraging

Maximize energy gained

Why choose safer food?

Avoid predators

Two benefits of group living

Protection, finding food

Two costs of group living

Competition, disease

Altruism

Helping others at cost to self

Kin selection

Help relatives with shared genes

Inclusive fitness

Direct + indirect fitness

Sexual selection favors

Mating success

Two outcomes of sexual selection

Competition, mate choice

Absorptive vs postabsorptive

Eating/storage vs fasting/using stores

Insulin vs glucagon

Lowers glucose vs raises glucose

Glycogenolysis vs gluconeogenesis

Break glycogen vs make new glucose

Innate vs adaptive immunity

Nonspecific vs specific

Humoral vs cell‑mediated immunity

Antibodies vs T cells

Biotic vs abiotic

Living vs nonliving

Energy flow vs nutrient cycling

One‑way vs recycled

Terrestrial vs aquatic biomes

Land vs water

Proximate vs ultimate causes

How vs why

Innate vs learned behavior

Born with vs learned

Kinesis vs taxis

Random vs directed

Photic vs aphotic zone

Light vs no light