ICSEC Psychology

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Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Tabula Rasa

the mind is like a blank state and it can only be filled when we acquire knowledge through experiences

1. Structuralism

2. Functionalism

3. Behaviorism

4. Gestalt Psychology

5. Psychoanalysis

6. Phenomenological Psychology

7. Existential Psychology

A few main Psychological Theories

Structuralism Theory

This psychological Theory’s concept involves understanding mind and behavior through the mental structure of an individual

Edward Titchener

This proponent proposed the psychological theory on Structuralism

Functionalism Theory

This psychological Theory’s concept is concerned with how the mind works to enable the individual to adapt to and function in his environment

Willian James

This proponent proposed the psychological theory on Functionalism

Behaviorism Theory

This psychological Theory’s concept involves gathering data through experiments. The environment shapes all behaviors through reinforcements that the actions yield

• James Watson

• Ivan Pavlov

These proponents proposed the psychological theory on Behaviorism

Gestalt Psychology Theory

This psychological Theory’s concept involves perception, which depends on the organization of experience and the patterns formed by stimuli

• Max Wertheimer

• Wolfgang Kohler

• Kurt Koofka

these proponents proposed the psychological theory on Gestalt Psychology Theory

Psychoanalysis Theory

This psychological Theory’s concept involves the role of the unconscious mind in the development of personality and human motivation

• Signmund Freud

• Carl Jung

These proponents proposed the psychological theory on Psychoanalysis Theory

Phenomenological Psychology Theory

This psychological Theory’s concept involves accentuating the uniqueness of human quality.

Human’s prime motivation is personal growth toward self-actualization

• Carl Rogers

• Abraham Maslow

These proponents proposed the psychological theory on Phenomenological Psychology Theory

Existential Psychology

This psychological Theory’s concept involves an individual being solely responsible for his own actions, feelings, and choices

Gordon Allport

This proponent proposed the psychological theory on Existential Psychology

CNS

This division of the nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord, which control human behavior

PNS

This division of the nervous system consists of nerves, which carry messages from the sensory receptors to the CNS

PNS

This division of the nervous system has two parts: somatic and autonomic nervous system

Cerebral Cortex

This part of the brain has several cortical areas:

• primary motor area

• primary somatosensory area

• primary visual and auditory area

• association areas

Corpus Calossum

This part of the brain functions to connect the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

Thalamus

This part of the brain functions to direct incoming information from the sense receptors to the cerebrum; it also plays a role in the control of sleep and wakefulness

Hypothalamus

This part of the brain functions to mediate eating, drinking, and sexual behavior;

It also regulates endocrine activity and maintains homeostasis; plays a role in emotions and responses to stress

Reticular Formation

This part of the brain functions to control arousal and the ability to focus attention on particular stimuli

Hippocampus

This part of the brain functions in memory processes and in emotional behavior

Medulla

This part of the brain controls breathing and some reflexes that help maintain upright posture

Cerebellum

This part of the brain is concerned with the coordination of movement

Endocrine System

This system secretes hormones into the bloodstream, which are transported to other parts of body, where they have specific effects on the cells that recognize their message

Pituitary Gland

This endocrine gland is known as the “master gland” and it produces a large number of different hormones such as the growth hormone and controls the secretion of other endo glands

Adrenal Gland

This endocrine gland plays an important role in determining mood, energy level, and ability to cope with stress

Adrenal Gland

This endocrine gland secretes both epinephrine (adrenaline) and noradrenaline (non-adrenaline)

Chromosome

This is a structure found i

Gene

This is an individual hereditary unit or segment of DNA that gives coded instructions to the cell directing it to perform its specific functions

1. Dominant Gene

2. Recessive Gene

Types of Genes

Dominant Gene

This gene determines the form of the trait against a recessive gene and thus causes the individual to manifest its form of the gene

Recessive Gene

This gene has traits that can only be manifested if both parents contribute recessive genes of the trait

Sensation

This is an experience associated with simple stimuli

1. seeing/ vision

2. hearing/ audition

3. smelling/ olfaction

4. tasting/ gustation

5. touching

Sensation Processes

Seeing or Vision

This Sensation Process involves light energy is the stimulus for vision. Light is a part of the spectrum of EM Rad to which our eyes are sensitive

Hearing or Audition

This Sensation Process involves

Smelling or Olfaction

This Sensation Process involves the relation of a chemical component to the smell of substance. This combines with taste to provide sensations of flavor

Smelling or Olfaction

This Sensation Process explains our increased appetite in taking food that smells good and alternatively detects spoiled food and harmful gas emissions

Tasting or Gustation

This Sensation Process is involved upon dissolving substances with saliva. Its system in

Touching

This Sensation Process involves three distinct senses: pressure, temperature, and pain

• Phasic Pain

• Tonic Pain

Variations of the Quality of Pain

Phas

Tonic Pain

This quality of pain is sharp, immediate and short duration experiences immediately after the injury

• Nativism vs Empiricism

• Direct vs Indirect Perception

• Computational Approach

Theoretical Perspectives on Perception Processes

Nativistic Theory

This Theoretical Perspectives on Nativism vs Empiricism’s Perception Processes involves inherited capabilities upon birth from parents

Empiricism Theory

This Theoretical Perspective on Nativism vs Empiricism’s Perception Processes involves acquired abilities through observation and experience

Direct Process

This Theoretical Perspective on Direct vs Indirect Perception Processes involves the belief that perception is a direct affair and it does not need any intermediate cognitive processes

Indirect Process

This Theoretical Perspective on Direct vs Indirect Perception Processes involves the belief that perception or sensory evidences must be elaborated by cognitive processes

Computational Approach

This Theoretical Perspective on Perception Processes views the starting point for analysis of perception is setting a set of questions on the kind of info processing that the perceptual system must carry out

Computational Approach

This Theoretical Perspective on Perception Processes enables the accomplishment of tasks such as perceptual discrimination and visually guided actions

Selective Attention

the ability to select some info for more detailed examination while ignoring other information

Clairvoyance

the ability to visualize or see objects and events beyond normal sight

Clairvoyance

an ability that is a form of Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) with the ability to see things by psychic means rather than by physical means

Psychokinesis

the ability also known as parapsychology

Psychokinesis

an investigative research of a phenomena or events that appear to be unaccounted for by conventional means, such as physical, biological, and psychological methods

Precognition

The ability to predict events

Telepathy

The ability to have the perception of another’s thoughts by beyond ordinary means or ordinary senses involving communication of any kind from one mind to another

Muller-Lyer Illusion

An ability involving an individual’s inappropriate application of perception with 3D objects to a 2D problem

Subliminal Threshold

An ability of perceiving stimuli about which a person has no awareness

Sensory Threshold

An initial momentary recording of information in the sensory system

Selective Attention

a group of processes that enable an individual to decide on inputs that are important and exclude those that are not

Roger’s Self Theory

A theory that states that “the greater gap between the self and organism, the more limited and defensive a person becomes” (discrepancy between ideal self & self-concept —> unhealthy perceptions)

Heuristics

Refers to the shortcuts which sometimes produce an effective solution but sometimes do not

Consciousness

an aspect of consciousness with the ability to monitor and control our environment and ourselves so that perception, memory, and thoughts are presented in awareness

Preconscious Memories

an aspect of consciousness with memories that are accessible and can be brought out of the consciousness every time it’s needed

Preconscious Memories

an aspect of consciousness exemplified in the example of: learned skills like baking a cake or driving a car

Unconscious

an aspect of consciousness involved with passions, urges, repressed feelings and memories that are not

Habituation or Automaticity

occurs when things that initially required conscious attention —> become automatically performed

Dissociation

occurs when thoughts and actions become dissociated from the rest of consciousness and function independently outside of consciousness

1. non-rapid eye movement

2. rapid eye movement

two stages of sleep

NREM Stage

A stage of sleep where breathe rates decrease, muscles are relaxed and the brain’s metabolic rate decreases = body is very relaxed

REM Stage

A stage of sleep characterized by the increase in breath and heart rate and brain’s metabolic rate; body is completely paralyzed

Dreams

an altered state of consciousness where images and fantasy components are temporary confused as external reality

Meditation

achievement of altered state of consciousness by performing rituals and exercise. It hives a feeling of being mentally and physically relaxed

Classical or Respondent Conditioning

Conditioning of a learning process where repeated pairing causes a previously neutral stimulus to become associated to something else

Classical or Respondent Conditioning

Conditioning developed by Ivan P. Pavlov and James B. Watson

1. Law of Excitation

2. Law of Internal Inhibition

3. Law of External Inhibition

4. Extinction

Four Basic Laws of Classical Conditioning

Law of Excitation

One of the four basic laws of Classical Conditioning aka “law of acquisition”

Law of Excitation

One of the four basic laws of Classical Conditioning that applies when a previously neutral stimulus acquires the property of eliciting the conditioned response

Law of Internal Inhibition

One of the four basic laws of Classical Conditioning where the conditioned response will not be elicited if the conditioned stimulus is not simultaneously presented with the UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

Law of External Inhibition

One of the four basic laws of Classical Conditioning where excitatory or inhibitory processes in conditioning can occur if new and distracting stimuli are presented then removed. Inhibitory process occurs post estab of conditioned stimulus

Extinction

One of the four basic laws of Classical Conditioning called unlearning.

Extinction

One of the four basic laws of Classical Conditioning that occurs when the conditioned response is no longer elicited as conditioned stimulus is presented alone without paired stimulus

Conditioning where the frequency of a response increases if followed by reinforcement

Operant or Instrumental Conditioning

This form of conditioning was developed by Burrhus Frederick (B.F.) Skinner

1. Positive Reinforcement

2. Negative Reinforcement

3. Positive Punishment

4. Negative Punishment

Types of Reinforcement and Punishments under the Operant Conditioning by BF Skinner

Positive Reinforcement

A Type of Reinforcement and Punishment under Operant Conditioning characterized by a pleasant stimulus that follows a desired behavior

Negative Reinforcement

A Type of Reinforcement and Punishment under Operant Conditioning characterized by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a desired behavior occurs

Positive Punishment

A Type of Reinforcement and Punishment under Operant Conditioning characterized by presentation of unpleasant stimulus after an undesired behavior occurs

Negative Punishment

A Type of Reinforcement and Punishment under Operant Conditioning characterized by removal of pleasant stimulus after an undesired behavior occurs

Memory

ability to remember something learned before; ability to store info

Amnesia

partial loss of memory

Anterograde Amnesia

An amnesic condition where there is the impairment in the ability to lay down new memories

Anterograde Amnesia

An amnesic condition that results from damage to the areas of the brain involved in long-term memory, including the hippocampus, temporal lobes, and frontal lobe

Retrograde Amnesia

An amnesic condition with difficulties in recalling or recognizing past events and experiences ~ common after concussive head injury