italy booklet 2

the revolutions destroyed all short term chances of revolution

• charles albert failure

• austrian miltary dominance stronger than ever

• constituations in states suppressed

• lower chamber only repressented in 2.25% of the literate population

• king was still in direct control of the army still

• mazzini had failed to reach out to large support as the pesants thought it was too intellectual and the middle class didnt like the idea of a redistrobution of wealth

• 1849 pope excomuted

• france had 20,000 troops in rome

revolutions made the prospect of unification meerly a matter of time

• austrian eyes a consititutional monacrhy was better than a republic

• stauto was still enforced

• nationalist turning toward the piedmontse monarch

• piedmont had free press and elections which attraced poltical refugees from italy

• did acknowledge that forgien support was needed

• austria worried that france may support piedmont if there was unrest

• austrians were forced to leave

king victor emmanuel II

• mother and wife were appart of he austrian imperial family

• massimo dazeglio was PM

• ambigious in his poltical views

• didnt wish to see catholic church holding infulence

• 25 miltary men ministeral roles during his reign

• shelled Genoa where radicals were entreched

piedmontse parliment

king - senate - chamber of deputies - elecorate (2% of male population)

poltical developments - failed administration

• 1849 dazeglio was appointed pm of a moderate conservative government

• challanged the power of the church which upset both the king and the ministers

• seperate courts of priests abolished

• crimnals to seek santucary was abolished

• relgious groups property rights were restricted

• known as siccardi laws

• laws showed the determination of piedmont to modernise

• divsion of poltitians

the connubio

• cavour made a parlimentay agreement with the leader of the centre left to create an allience known as the connubio

• this would strenghten parliment agaisnt the crown

• dazeglio attempted to introduce a civil marriage law however this pushed too far

• 1852 - cavour asked victor emmanual II to make him prime minster

how did cavour create poltical stablilty

• 1855 he began attacking the wealth of the church and their estates

• proposed the aboltion of all monasteries not envolved in education or chairty - 152 monastires were closed down

• reduced the influence which the church had however casued a constitutional crisis and made him temporarly resign

• in 1857 however he ended the connibuo and stoped attacking the church in ordert to create stabilitly

• crushing of radicals → 1853 mazzinian style milan uprising cavour warned vienna and later in 1857 in genoa

• cavour was happy to overide govenment when it didn't not suit his purpose e.g reducing the right wing in 1857 as well as taking up various roles within parliment such as PM FM and finace minister

• although this was undemocratic it did however allow for govenment to be stable

commernce and industrial growth

• 1853 electric telegraph which linked turin to paris

• canal being built in 1857

• textile industry in north began increasing particualrly as they lacked coal as a natural resource - 6000 silk workers and 114000 cotton workers by 1844

• trade value increased by 300%

• howeer the public debt did however also increase from 120 million to 725 million by 1859

trade agreements

• free trade with britian france and belguim allowing raw materials and machinery to enter the pensulia

• large forgien loans to pay off the war

• encouraged investment of foriegn capital

• 1854 a new line between milan, turin, genoa and the french border was funded by the french banker rothschild and in 1857 a tunnel through the alps was also funded

• infulence which french finacne had in the growth of piedmontse secuirty

developments in infastucture

• 1855 ‘the sicila’

• port of genoa was modernised - which also helped to create more jobs

• 819km of railway - piedmont had 1/3 of this

cavours inheried postion and priorties

• cavours most important controbution to the italian question was that he placed it firmly in the context of european diplomacy

• piedmont would need forigen support to help oust austira and this became to cornerstone of his forgen policy

changing power of austria

• metternich had previously been incharge of the miltary

• austria was in ecomoical decline which would enable poltical change to occur in italy

the crimean war 1854-56

• opportuinty for cavour within international diplomacy

• war between britian/ottomans and russia over the crimean pensulia

• austria remained neutral which angered either side

• in 1855 piedmont joined the war with renforcements of 1800 troops with piedmont being allowed at the peace treaty

• their main role was in the battle of sebastopol

• however they werent overally signifcant to the war with only 30 of their troops dying from wounds and the other 2000 from cholera

the congress of paris

• 1856

• niether britan or france would upset austira by discussing piedmonts desriees in northern italy

• however cavours attendance did show piedmonts growing diplomatic status

• italian question was shown as a diplomatic isssuse

• it overall was an imporant diplomatic turning point