Ch 18: Parasitic Infections of the Digestive System
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109 Terms
What diseases (4) were covered in this chapter?
Trichinosis, Hookworm, Tapeworm, Ascariasis
What is another name for Trichinosis?
Pork Worm
What organism causes Trichinosis?
Trichinella Spiralis
How is Trichinosis transmitted?
By eating contaminated meat, especially pork or wild game
What is the incubation period for trichinosis?
About 1-2 days
What causes the early symptoms of Trichinosis?
The parasite is still in the GI tract
What early symptoms occur with Trichinosis?
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
After the Trichinella larvae leaves the GI tract, it travels to the ________ and _________ causing stronger, more specific symptoms:
blood stream; muscle tissue
If someone is experiencing flu-like symptoms and myalgia, what disease might they have?
Trichinosis
If a patient is experiencing photophobia, what disease might they have?
Trichinosis
If a patient is experiencing conjunctivitis, what disease might they have?
Trichinosis
If a patient is experiencing eye or facial edema, what disease might they have?
Trichinosis
If a patient is experiencing eosinophilia, what disease might they have?
trichinosis
What is photophobia?
sensitivity to light
what is conjunctivitis?
red eyes, sometimes with discharge
what is eye or facial edema?
swollen/puffy eyelids or face
what is myalgia?
muscle pain
what is eosinophilia?
when someone has a high count of eosinophils (WBCs) in their blood
What eye related symptoms occur in trichinosis?
photophobia, conjunctivitis, and eye/facial edema
What lab abnormality strongly points to trichinosis?
eosinophilia
If a patient has impaired coordination, what disease might they have?
severe trichinosis
If a patient has difficulty breathing, what disease might they have?
severe trichinosis
If a patient has myocarditis, what disease might they have?
severe trichinosis
What is myocarditis?
inflammation of the heart muscle
What is the standard diagnostic test for trichinosis?
Serology
When a trichinosis case is unclear, what test can be used for diagnosis?
Biopsy
What medications can be used to treat trichinosis?
Albendazole and Mebendazole
A patient comes in with swollen, puffy eyes. What disease do they most likely have?
Trichinosis
A patient had GI problems but is now experiencing muscle problems. What disease might they have?
Trichinosis
What organism(s) cause Hookworm?
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale
How is hookworm transmitted?
Contact with contaminated soil
What is a common way someone becomes infected when a parasite is transmitted through contaminated soil?
Walking barefoot on contaminated soil
Who is hookworm extremely common in?
Dogs
How do hookworm larvae enter the skin?
They penetrate through it
What is the incubation period for hookworm?
about 3-5 weeks
If a patient has an itchy (pruritic) rash, what disease might they have?
Hookworm
Where do people who have hookworm usually get rashes?
At the site where the larvae penetrate
Where are hookworm rashes the most common?
Feet
If a patient is experiencing a cough, what disease might they have?
Hookworm
What systemic symptoms may patients with hookworm experience during the intestinal stage?
Abdominal pain and diarrhea
If a patient is experiencing anorexia, what disease might they have?
Hookworm
If a patient is experiencing anemia, what disease might they have?
Hookworm
Hookworms attach to the ____________ and suck blood, leading to blood loss and specifically __________:
intestinal walls; anemia
How do hookworm eggs leave the human body?
Eggs are passed in human feces and end up in soil
Where do hookworm eggs hatch and develop?
In soil, where they hatch into larvae within a few days
What is the infectious stage of hookworm found in the environment?
The filariform (infectious) larvae waiting in soil or grass
What symptom is caused by hookworm larvae penetrating the skin?
Ground itch
How do hookworm larvae reach the heart?
After penetrating the skin, they enter small blood vessels and travel through the bloodstream to the heart
Where do hookworm larvae go after the heart?
To the lungs
What happens when hookworm larvae enter the lungs?
They crawl into the alveoli and trigger a cough due to lung irritation
How do hookworm larvae reach the digestive tract?
They are coughed up into the trachea, reach the throat, and are swallowed
Where do adult hookworms mature and live?
In the small intestine
How does the hookworm life cycle complete itself?
Adult worms lay eggs that leave the body in stool, contaminating soil and restarting the cycle
What test is used to diagnose hookworm?
O&P
What medications can be used to treat hookworm?
Albendazole and Mebendazole
A kid was playing barefoot outdoors and now complains of itchiness. What disease might be present?
Hookworm
A patient had a skin rash and is now experiencing a cough. What disease may be present?
Hookworm
Where do hookworm eggs exit the body?
In feces
What route do hookworm larvae take through the body?
Skin > bloodstream > heart > lungs > trachea (swallowed) > small intestine
What organism causes a pork tapeworm?
Taenia solium
What organism causes a beef tapeworm?
Taenia saginata
What is the third tapeworm organism that causes a similar tapeworm to pork?
Taenia Asiatica
Which is the most dangerous tapeworm organism?
Taenia solium
What ways are tapeworms transmitted?
Ingestion of undercooked meat and fecal-oral
How do pigs/cows first get infected in Taeniasis?
They ingest tapeworm eggs from human feces
What disease results from eating undercooked pork or beef containing cysticerci?
Taeniasis
What disease results from swallowing Taenia solium eggs (fecal-oral)?
Cysticercosis
What forms inside the animal after it eats tapeworm eggs?
Cysticerci
What are cysticerci?
Fluid-filled cysts containing baby tapeworms
What happens after pigs/cows swallow the eggs during taeniasis?
The eggs hatch into larvae inside the animal
Where do the larvae go once they hatch inside the animal during taeniasis?
They burrow into the animal’s muscle tissue
Do humans ingest eggs or larvae when getting Taeniasis?
Larvae (cysticerci)
What happens when cysticerci (tapeworm) reach your intestine?
The head (scolex) pops out and latches onto your intestinal wall
What happens after the tapeworm attaches to your intestine?
It grows into an adult
What does the adult tapeworm produce?
Proglottids (segments filled with eggs)
What leaves the body in stool during Taeniasis?
Proglottids full of eggs
What do proglottids look like in stool?
Grains of rice
How do humans get cysticercosis?
By ingesting Taenia solium eggs directly
What happens when you swallow T. solium eggs?
The eggs hatch inside your intestine
Do cysticercosis larvae stay in the intestine?
No — they migrate to tissues
What tissues can be affected in cysticercosis?
Muscle, brain, eyes
Can beef tapeworm, taenia saginata, cause cysticercosis?
No, only pork (taenia solium)
What is the incubation period for tapeworm?
about 3-5 weeks
Is tapeworm usually symptomatic or asymptomatic?
Asymptomatic
What systemic symptoms may result from tapeworm?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
What is cysticercosis?
When the tapeworm gets embedded into muscle tissue
If a patient is experiencing cysticercosis, what disease might they have?
Tapeworm (specifically taenia solium)
If a patient is experiencing neurocysticercosis, what disease might they have?
Tapeworm (specifically taenia solium)
If a patient is experiencing Ophthalmic cysticercosis, what disease might they have?
Tapeworm (specifically taenia solium)
What is neurocysticercosis?
When the tapeworm gets embedded in the brain
What can neurocysticercosis cause?
Headaches or seizures
What is ophthalmic cysticercosis?
When the tapeworm gets embedded in the eyeball
What can ophthalmic cysticercosis cause?
Vision loss or retinal damage
Neurocysticercosis and Ophthalmic cysticercosis only occur if the patient…
Ingested the EGGS themselves, not the larvae from an animal
A patient sees a long, white, ribbon-like segment in their stool. What disease might they have?
Tapeworm
Taenia Species tapeworms are _________ meaning each segment contains both male and female reproductive parts
hermaphroditic
What test can be used to diagnose tapeworm?
O&P
What medications can be used to treat tapeworm?
Praziquantel and Niclosamide
What organism causes ascariasis?
Ascaris Lumbricoides
How is ascariasis transmitted?
Ingestion of contaminated food or water