McGraw Hill Chapter 6 Anatomy & Physiology 1

Burns classified as __________ burns heal quickly with no scarring.

Superficial partial-thickness

Epidermis

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Dermis layer is composed of—

Dense irregular connective tissue, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood & lymphatic vessels

Subcutaneous layer

Areolar and adipose tissue

Skin can take on a yellow tint due to liver malfunction. This yellowish tone is called________

Jaundice

When blood oxygen is low, hemoglobin ( the blood pigment) us dark red, and the skin will have a bluish tint. This is called

Cyanosis

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of _____ tissue, and the reticular layer is composed of ______tissue.

Areolar; dense irregular

In the dermis of the skin, name the more superficial layer

Papillary layer

What type burn involves the destruction of the epidermis, dermis, and accessory structures of the skin?

Full-thickness burn

Within the epidermis, cell division and growth occurs in the stratum_____

Basale

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the dermis of the skin is a response to a(n)______ in body temperature.

Decrease

Prevents water loss and entry of microorganisms

Epidermal layer

Provides input about environment and environmental conditions

Sensory receptors

Maintenance of body temperature

Dermal blood supply

Production of pigment

Melanocytes

Nutrient and oxygen supply for the epidermis comes from blood vessels located in the___ layer of the skin

Dermal

Arrector pili are located in the dermis if the skin. What are they?

Smooth muscles

The largest organ(s) of the integumentary system is/are

Skin

The epidermal cells called______ are responsible for producing the pigment found in the skin

Melanocytes

Found in deepest layer; produce pigment

Melanocytes

Most abundant cell type; provide waterproofing to skin

Keratinocytes

Scattered within epidermis; phagocytic

Epidermal dendritic cells

The skin has a role in the production of vitamin___ by the body

Vitamin D

What type of dead cells make up a hair?

Epithelial cells

During wound healing, granulations may form. What are granulations?

Small masses consisting of a blood vessel and associated fibroblasts

List the accessory structures that are missing from the skin of the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands, but found elsewhere in the skin of the body

Sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair and dermal papillae

How do apocrine glands differ from other skin glands

Apocrine glands secrete in response to emotional stimuli

Heat (molecular vibration) is transmitted from one substance directly to another

Conduction

Body heat is used to convert liquid water in sweat to gaseous water vapor

Evaporation

Heat is emitted in waves (rays) from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings

radiation

Heat is carried away by movement of air over surface

Convection

What type of burn involves injury to only the epidermis

Superficial partial-thickness burn

Place the epidermal layers of thick skin in order, from the most superficial layer to the deepest layer

Superficial stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale, deep

Define the term erythema

Reddened skin

What is the function of the lunula of the nail?

Site of nail growth

Pheomelanin

Red hair, blonde hair

Eumelanin

Dark hair

Lack of pigement

White hair

The dermis extends upward between ridges of epidermis. These dermal extensions are called dermal

Papillae

Free Nerve Endings

-Temperature sensors

-Located throughout dermis and into epidermis

Lamellated (Pacinian) Corpuscles

-detect external pressure applied to the skin -In deep dermis

Tactile (Meissner's) Corpuscles

-In upper dermis and dermal papillae

-Detect light pressure

What type of secretory gland includes proteins and lipids in its watery secretions? These organic molecules are metabolized by bacteria on the skin's surface, leading to odor

Apocrine sweat glands

One response to increased internal body temperature is an increase in blood flow to the skin due to the ___ of dermal blood vessels

Vasodilation

A pale skin tone can occur with___

Constriction of dermal blood vessels

A yellow tine to the skin is associated with_____

Jaundice

Flushed or red skin will occur with_______

dilation of dermal blood vessels

A bluish tine to the skin is called

Cyanosis

Specialized structures formed of epithelial cells located near or connected to hair follicles (not in palms or soles)

Sabaceous glands

Function by secreting in response to pain, fear, emotional upset, and sexual arousal

Apocrine glands

Secrete war wax into external ear canal

Ceruminous glands

Function to lower body temperature

Merocrine glands

Near hair follicles in armpit and groin

Apocrine glands

Modified sweat glands located in breast tissue

Mammary gland

Function to keep hair soft, pliable, and waterproof

Sebaceous glands

Open onto skin surface of forehead, neck, and back

Merocine glands

Sebaceous glands

Secrete oil, absent from palms and soles, secretion released into hair follicle

Apocrine glands

-Secrete in response to pain, fear, arousal

-Abundant in groin and axillary region

Merocrine (Eccrine) Glands

-secretion released by on skin surface

-Secrete sweat

-Abundant on forehead, neck, and back

-Respond to increase body temperature

Name the area where growth of a hair occurs

Hair bulb

Sensory receptors

-Tactile (Meissner's) corpuscle

_Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle

Smooth muscle

Arrector pili

Secretory structures

-Sweat glands

-Sebaceous gland

-Pore

-Duct

Hair structures

follicle

Within the dermis of the skin, the____layer is superficial to the ____layer

Papillary; reticular

Age Spot

Oxidation of fats in secretory glands

Pale Thin Skin

Slowing of cell division, reduced collagen synthesis, reduced melanin production, reduced blood flow to the skin

Changes in Hair

Slowing of cell division, reduced melanin production, reduced blood flow to skin

Name the epidermal layer that is found in thick skin, but is absent from the skin

Stratum lucidum

4.5% of Body surface

- anterior head and neck

-posterior head and neck

-anterior left upper extremity

9% of body surface

-posterior upper extremities

-posterior right lower extremity

-anterior and posterior head and neck

18% of body surface

-anterior trunk

-posterior trunk

-anterior lower extremities

-anterior and posterior extremities

The epidermis consists of multiple layers of epidermal cells called___

Keratinocytes

These cells produce a tough, fibrous, waterproof protein called_____ which, over time, hardens in process celled____

keratin; keratinization

As new cells are formed, they push older cells further away from the ____ and the blood supply available there. Consequently, the cells dies.

Dermis

The cells of the epidermis are produced by the process of____ in the deepest layers of the epidermis. This later is called the ________

Mitosis; stratum basle

The dead, hardened outermost cells of the epidermis from the layer called the ______. These cells eventually are sloughed off.

Stratum corneum

As body temperature increases, the blood vessels of the dermis will

Vasodilate

The process of _______ occurs in response to tissue injury or stress and involves increased blood flow and increased permeability of blood vessels in the area of injury

Inflammation

What type of burn involves the destruction of some of the epidermis and some of the underlying dermis

Deep partial-thickness burn

Indicate two mechanisms used by the integumentary systems to help maintain body temperature

-alter production of sweat,

-alter diameter of dermal blood vessels

-alter secretions from sebaceous glands

-alter melanin production

Why do cells of the epidermis dies as they are pushed toward the surface of the skin

They are too far from their nutrient supply

If someone has a low blood oxygen content, their blood is described as_____

deoxygenated

This individual will have a ____ tint to their skin and mucous membranes. The condition is called______

bluish; cyanosis

If an individual has an_______ rate of blood glow to the skin, such as would happen with emotion (such as embarrassment) or alcohol consumption, their skin takes on a ___ tint.

increased; reddish

When someone is cold, the blood flow to the skin is _______. As a result, this person will have a _____ skin tone.

decreased; pale

Anchoring the epidermis to the superficial dermis is a thin layer called the ____

basement membrane

Response to increased body temperature

sweating, flushing and redness of skin, vasodilation of dermal blood vessel

Response to decreased body temperature

inactivity of sweat glands, pale skin, contraction of arrector pili, and vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels

What is keratinization and where does it occurs?

Hardening of cells; occurs in epidermis

Stratum Corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead keratinized, dead epithelial cells that provide a barrier to the environment. non-nucleated

Statum lucidum (only present in thick skin)

A thin, translucent layer of the epidermis found only in thick skin, situated between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum. It provides an additional barrier to protect underlying tissues.

Stratum granulosum

A layer of the epidermis containing flattened granules of keratin & shriveled nuclei. responsible for water retention and skin barrier function, located between the stratum lucidum and stratum spinosum.

Stratum Spinosum

The layer of the epidermis located between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale, consisting of keratinocytes that appear spiny due to the desmosomal connections between them. This layer provides strength and elasticity to the skin. Centrally located, large oval nuclei & devoloping fibers of keratin. Cells becoming flattened

Stratum Basale (basal cell layer)

The deepest layer of the epidermis, where new keratinocytes are generated. It consists of a single row of columnar or cuboidal cells that are mitotically active, providing a continual supply of cells to the upper layers. includes melanocytes

psoriasis

A chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by rapid skin cell turnover (7x more than normal), leading to thick, red patches covered with silvery scales. It can cause itchy, dry skin and appears commonly on elbows, knees, and the scalp.

thick skin

The thick skin of the palms and soles contains 5 layers in the epidermis, while other areas of skin consist of 4 layers. The additional layer is the stratum lucidum, which lies between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. The epidermis of thick skin is 0.8 - 1.4 mm thick, while that of thin skin is 0.07 - 0.12 mm thick.

dendrite cells

Dendritic cells help protect the skin against infection. They engulf pathogens, digest them, and display portions of them on their cell membranes, to signal the immune system to destroy them

tactile cells

Tactile cells detect light touch on the skin, and act with sensory neurons to relay this information to the nervous system.