Marketing, Tourism, Literature & Art – Exam Review

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key marketing, tourism, literature, U.S. history, and art concepts from the lecture notes.

Marketing

The business process of identifying customer needs, creating suitable products or services, and promoting them to generate sales and profits.

Advertising

Paid, controlled messages a company issues to persuade consumers to buy products or services.

Publicity

Unpaid media coverage or public attention a product, service, or organization receives from outside sources.

Customer

An individual or organization that purchases a product or service.

Consumer

The end-user who actually uses or experiences a product or service.

Market Segmentation

Dividing a broad market into subgroups with shared characteristics for targeted marketing.

Demographic Segmentation

Grouping consumers by age, gender, income, education, family size, religion, etc.

Geographic Segmentation

Dividing markets based on location such as country, region, or city.

Psychographic Segmentation

Classifying consumers by lifestyle, interests, attitudes, and values.

Behavioral Segmentation

Grouping customers by booking patterns, usage rate, loyalty, or benefits sought.

Marketing Mix (4 Ps)

The core elements—Product, Price, Place, Promotion—used to craft a marketing strategy.

Product (Tourism)

An intangible, often perishable service experience sold to travelers, e.g., a hotel stay.

Price

The amount charged for a product, balancing costs, competition, and customer value.

Place

The distribution channels and physical or digital locations through which a product is sold.

Promotion

Communications used to inform, persuade, and remind customers of a product’s value.

Physical Evidence

Tangible cues (e.g., décor, brochures) that reassure customers of service quality.

Process (Service Marketing)

The procedures and flow of activities delivering the service to the customer.

People (Marketing Mix)

Employees and other individuals who interact with customers and shape service quality.

USP (Unique Selling Proposition)

The distinct benefit that differentiates a product from competitors: “My product is better.”

Branding

Creating a unique name, logo, and image to build recognition and emotional loyalty.

Public Relations (PR)

Managing an organization’s reputation through media relations, events, and stakeholder engagement.

SWOT Analysis

Strategic tool identifying Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.

Strengths

Internal positive attributes that give an organization competitive advantage.

Weaknesses

Internal negative factors that hinder organizational performance.

Opportunities

External situations an organization can exploit for growth or improvement.

Threats

External challenges that could harm an organization’s success.

B2C Marketing

Business-to-Consumer promotion targeting the general public.

B2B Marketing

Business-to-Business promotion directed at other companies or professionals.

Sponsorship

Financial or in-kind support of events or activities in exchange for brand exposure.

Sales Promotion

Short-term incentives such as discounts, vouchers, or loyalty points to boost sales.

Point-of-Sale Material

Displays and signage at purchase locations designed to influence buying decisions.

Digital Promotion

Online marketing using websites, apps, email, and other internet tools.

Social Media Marketing

Using social platforms to create content, engage audiences, and drive sales.

Influencer

A person with authority or following who can sway others’ purchasing choices.

Fair Trade

A trading system guaranteeing producers in developing countries fair prices and rights.

Propaganda

Distorted, manipulative communication aimed at influencing beliefs for political ends.

Dystopian Society

A frightening, oppressive community characterized by dictatorship and loss of freedom.

Utopian Society

An idealized, perfect community that does not exist in reality.

Big Brother

The omnipresent authority figure symbolizing total state surveillance in Orwell’s 1984.

Constitutional Federal Republic

Government form in which power is shared between national and state levels under a constitution.

Separation of Powers

Division of government authority into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

Congress

The U.S. legislative branch, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate.

The President

Head of the U.S. executive branch and Commander-in-Chief.

Supreme Court

The highest U.S. judicial body, overseeing constitutional interpretation.

Ellis Island Immigration Museum

New York museum memorializing the historic gateway for U.S. immigrants (1892-1954).

Roaring Twenties

1920s era of U.S. economic boom, cultural change, and social freedom before the 1929 crash.

Wall Street Crash 1929

Stock-market collapse that triggered the Great Depression.

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

World’s largest stock exchange, symbol of U.S. financial power.

MICE Tourism

Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions travel segment focused on business events.

Mass Tourism

Large-scale tourist movement to popular destinations, organized and manageable.

Overtourism

Excessive visitor numbers damaging a destination’s environment and resident quality of life.

Niche Tourism

Travel motivated by specialized interests of a specific market segment.

Gig Tripping

Traveling primarily to attend music concerts or festivals in other locations.

Dark Tourism

Visiting sites associated with death, tragedy, or the macabre, e.g., Chernobyl, Auschwitz.

Agritourism

Tourism based on farm stays and rural experiences that support local agriculture.

Slum Tourism

Tours of impoverished neighborhoods, often criticized for turning poverty into entertainment.

Solidarity Tourism

Ethical travel aiming to benefit local communities and ecosystems through responsible practices.

UNESCO World Heritage List

Register of cultural and natural sites of outstanding universal value requiring preservation.

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List

Register of traditions, practices, and skills passed down through generations.

Crisis of the Self

Early 20th-century literary theme exploring fragmented identity and alienation.

Stream of Consciousness

Narrative technique presenting characters’ unfiltered thoughts, used by Joyce and others.

Bloomsday

June 16 celebration honoring Joyce’s Ulysses, marked by Dublin literary events.

7 Eccles Street

Leopold Bloom’s fictional home; its door resides in the James Joyce Centre.

Martello Tower

Sandycove fort featured in Ulysses; now the James Joyce Tower and Museum.

Guernica

Picasso’s 1937 anti-war mural depicting the bombing of a Basque town.

Lightbulb (Guernica)

Symbolic stand-in for bombs and flaming sky, illuminating the horror.

The Horse (Guernica)

Disemboweled animal representing the suffering of the Spanish people.

The Bull (Guernica)

Figure embodying Spanish Nationalist and totalitarian brutality.

The Dove (Guernica)

Faint, nearly erased bird symbolizing lost peace.

BIT – Borsa Internazionale del Turismo

Annual Milan trade fair connecting global tourism professionals (B2B and B2C).

MICE Village (BIT)

Special area within BIT dedicated to Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions.

The Swift Economy

Economic boost to local regions driven by Taylor Swift’s sold-out concert tour.