Chapter 2: Different Ways of Learning Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts, theories, and terminology from Chapter 2: Different Ways of Learning.

Fixed Mindset

A view described by Stanford professor Carol Dweck wherein intelligence is seen as ability-focused, finite, and determined at birth, measured by an IQ that does not change.

Growth Mindset

A view described by Carol Dweck suggesting that intelligence is malleable and can be developed through life if effort is exerted.

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A score developed early in the twentieth century to measure a person's innate intelligence, with a score of 100 defined as normal or average.

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardner's theory defining intelligence as the capacity to solve problems or fashion products valued in cultural settings, identifying eight distinct kinds of capability.

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

Skills related to mathematical manipulations and discerning and solving logical problems ('number/reasoning smart').

Linguistic Intelligence

Sensitivity to the meanings, sounds, and rhythms of words, as well as to the function of language as a whole ('word smart').

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

Ability to excel physically and to handle objects skillfully ('body smart').

Musical Intelligence

Ability to produce pitch and rhythm, as well as to appreciate various forms of musical expression ('music smart').

Spatial Intelligence

Ability to form a mental model of the spatial world and to maneuver and operate using that model ('picture smart').

Interpersonal Intelligence

Ability to analyze and respond to the motivations, moods, and desires of other people ('people smart').

Intrapersonal Intelligence

Knowledge of one's feelings, needs, strengths, and weaknesses, and the ability to use this knowledge to guide behavior ('self smart').

Naturalist Intelligence

Ability to discriminate among living things, classify plants, animals, and minerals, nurture animals, grow plants, and show sensitivity to the natural world ('environment smart').

The Creating Mind

One of Howard Gardner's five minds for the future that discovers new ways of looking at the world, offering new insights and a fresh way of thinking.

The Ethical Mind

One of Gardner's five minds that tackles deceit head-on and teaches children to think reflectively about their behavior to advance society.

The Respectful Mind

One of Gardner's five minds focused on honoring people with different ideas, cultures, and belief systems.

The Disciplined Mind

One of Gardner's five minds that masters a specific field of study or profession, such as literature, history, art, science, or math.

The Synthesizing Mind

One of Gardner's five minds that sorts through information to eliminate the trivial, identify what is important, see meaningful connections, and interpret how best to use data.

Information Literacy

A set of abilities requiring individuals to recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information.

Media Literacy

Helping students become competent, critical, and literate in all media forms so that they control the interpretation of what they see or hear.

Confirmation Bias

The desire for confirmation of one's existing beliefs, leading individuals to seek out information that confirms what they already believe.

Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ)

A type of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' emotions, discriminate among them, and use the information to guide thinking and actions.

Social and Emotional Learning (SEL)

The process through which children and adults understand and manage emotions, set positive goals, feel empathy, maintain relationships, and make responsible decisions.

RULER Program

An approach developed by the Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence for teaching emotional competencies: recognize, understand, label, express, and regulate emotions.

What Works Clearinghouse (WWC)

A U.S. Department of Education initiative aiming to synthesize key education research findings into language and resources that educators can use.

Metacognition

The state of being aware of one's own learning processes and having the ability to monitor one's own understanding.

Grit

Perseverance and passion for long-term goals, as defined by Angela Duckworth and colleagues.

Fundamental Attribution Error (in Education)

Alfie Kohn's premise that underachievement is wrongly attributed to students' failure to exercise self-discipline rather than structural social, economic, or educational factors.

Neuroplasticity

The capacity of the brain to physically change itself and build new neural pathways in response to practice, experiences, and learning.

Gender Similarities Hypothesis

Janet Hyde's meta-analytic finding that greater educational, intellectual, and psychological differences exist within the genders than between the genders.

Exceptional Learners

Students with a great range of abilities, including those with learning, physical, developmental, and emotional disabilities, as well as gifted and talented students.

Giftedness (NAGC Definition)

Five elements defined by the National Association for Gifted Children: artistic talents, creative talents, intellectual abilities, academic abilities, and leadership skills.

Advanced Placement (AP)

A high school program offering college-level courses and exams for high-achieving students to earn college credit or accelerate graduation.

International Baccalaureate (IB)

An internationally recognized high school degree program that includes rigorous science, math, and foreign language requirements along with diverse cultural studies.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Landmark federal legislation requiring that each child with disabilities has access to a free and appropriate public education suited to their special needs.

Zero Reject

A fundamental provision of IDEA asserting that every child with special needs must receive a free, appropriate public education (FAPE).

Nondiscriminatory Education

An IDEA provision based on Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment due process rights mandating fair, non-biased assessment of children with disabilities in their native language.

Least-Restrictive Environment

An IDEA provision protecting children with disabilities from being inappropriately segregated, requiring them to be educated in settings resembling regular classrooms to the maximum degree possible.

Procedural Due Process

An IDEA provision upholding the right of students with disabilities and parents to examine records, receive notice, and challenge school decisions before an impartial tribunal.

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

An annually reviewed written plan required by IDEA defining a free appropriate public education tailored to a student's specific learning needs, goals, services, and evaluation methods.

Regular Education Initiative

An approach encouraging schools to provide special education services within the regular classroom through close collaboration between classroom teachers and special educators.