Organic Chemistry Chapter 7: An overview of most common elementary steps

Spectator Ion

An ion relatively inert in solution and tends not to react

Carbanion

An anion in which negative formal charge appear on carbon

Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution

An elementary step where a nucleophile forms a bond to an atom that is attacked to a leaving group and displaces leaving group from that atom

Substrate

Molecular species that undergoes particular reaction with an attacking species

Leaving Group

Substituent displaced or eliminated from substrate in reaction

Molecularity

Number seperate reacting species in an elemntary step 

Nucleophile

A nucleus loving species that seeks a substrate with a full or partical positive charge to stable its full or partial negative charge

Electrophile

A strongly electron deficient species

Coordination

An elementary step in which a single bodn is formed using two electron from same atom and no bonds broken 

Lewis Acid

electron pair acceptor

Lewis Base

electron pair donor

Lewis adduct

product of coordination step

Heterolysis

An elementary step in which only.a single bond is broken and both electron from that bond end up on one of atom initally involved in the bond

Bimolecular Elimination

An elemntary step where in a proton and leaving group are eliminated from adacent atoms and double bond is formed

B eliminator 

Reaction in which substituents on adjacent atoms are eliminated from a molecule resulting in a new pi bond between those atoms 

Exergonic

describes a reaction releases energy on producing products

Endergonic

describe reaction gain free energy on producing products

Reaction free diagram 

A plot of Gibbs free energy as a function of reaction coordinate 

Transition state

A high energy species correspond to energy max on reaction free energy diagram

Free energy of activation

The energy barrier that must be summounted for reactants to form products, the difference in standard free energy between the reactant and transition state

Nucleophilic addition

An elementary step in which a nucleophile forms a bound to electron deficient atom of polar pi bond

Nucleophilic Elimination

An elementary step where a new pi bond is produced and the eliminated leaving group in turn has characteristics of a nucleophile

Bimolecular Elimination

An elementary step where a proton and leaving group are eliminated from adjacent atoms and a double bond or triple bond 

Electrophilic addition

An elementary step wehre electron from nonpolar pi bond are used form a new sigma bond to electrophile

Electrophilic Elimination

electrophile is eliminated from a carbocation generating new pi bond

1,2 Hydride shift

A carbocation rearrangement where a H migrate to adjacent atom 

Keto form

Carbonyl compound has an a hydrogen

Enol form

compound has the bonding arrangement C C double bond or bond OH

Tautomer

One form of pair isomer that exist together in equilibrium

Keto enol tautorization

Transitionary one keto or enol tautomer into another