ap world shit

Theravada Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism that emphasizes meditation, simplicity, and renunciation of consciousness and self. It originated after the death of Buddha and is practiced in countries like India.

Mahayana Buddhism

Another branch of Buddhism that focuses on great rituals and spiritual comfort. It is more complex but has a greater spread. It originated after the death of Buddha and is practiced in countries like China, Japan, and Southeast Asia.

Christianity

A religion based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who is believed to be the Son of God. It emphasizes forgiveness of sins and everlasting life through faith in Jesus. It became the most influential religion in the Mediterranean basin by the 3rd century and later spread to other parts of the world.

Confucianism

A belief system founded by Confucius in China. It focuses on restoring political and social order through the five fundamental relationships, such as ruler and subject, parent and child, and friend and friend. It is compatible with other religions and has led to the development of a distinctive Chinese culture.

Hinduism

A religion practiced in India that believes in one supreme force called Brahma. It teaches that believers can merge with Brahma through multiple lives and following the dharma, which are the rules and obligations of their caste. Hinduism is associated with the social caste system and has recently seen rebellion against it.

Islam

A religion founded by the prophet Muhammad, who received the words of Allah recorded in the Qur'an. It teaches salvation through submission to God and emphasizes the Five Pillars of Islam, including confession, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage. Islam rapidly spread to the Middle East and has different sects like Shia and Sunni.

Judaism

A monotheistic religion practiced by the Hebrews. It believes in a unique relationship with God and follows the laws of the Torah. Judaism was the first major monotheistic faith.

Abbasid Dynasty

An Islamic empire that existed from 750 to 1258 CE. It had its capital in Baghdad and was known for its golden age of arts, sciences, and trade. It declined due to internal rivalries and Mongol invasions.

Feudalism

A social system in medieval Europe where power was divided between the king, nobles, vassals, and peasants. It was characterized by loyalty, military service, and the division of land into fiefs or manors.

Hanseatic League

A trade alliance in northern Europe that emerged in 1358. It aimed to increase social mobility, flexibility, and drive toward nationhood. The league facilitated trade and cooperation between member towns.

Gothic Architecture

A style of architecture that emerged during the Middle Ages, characterized by tall windows, vaulted ceilings, and flying buttresses. It is often seen in cathedrals and reflects the cultural and artistic developments of the time.

Mongol Empire

An empire that spanned from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe. It was founded by Genghis Khan and later split into hordes after his death. The Mongols were known for their military prowess and ruthless conquests, but also for their peaceful governance after settling into cities.

Timur Lang

A Mongol leader who took over India and destroyed everything in his path. He grew Islam in the nation and left a lasting impact on the region.

Mongol Conquest

The Mongols were ruthless fighters who would kill anyone who resisted their rule, leading most people to surrender. They spread through Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, diffusing culture and increasing global trade and awareness.

Mali and Songhai

Mali was known for its gold, which attracted Islamic traders. Mansa Musa, the Malian ruler, expanded the kingdom and built the capital of Timbuktu. Sonni Ali, the Songhai ruler, conquered the region and made it a major cultural center.

Chinese Technology

During the Song Dynasty, China focused on creating an industrial society. They improved transportation, communication, and business practices. The civil service examination system created a loyal government workforce, and the invention of the printing press increased literacy and productivity.

Trade Networks and Cultural Diffusion

Trade networks expanded from 1200-1450, improving with better transportation and monetary systems. The main global trade routes included the Hanseatic League, the Silk Road, the Mongol land routes, trade between China and Japan, trade between India and Persia, and the Trans-Saharan trade routes. This trade led to the spread of religions, languages, literature, art, ideas, and diseases.

Bubonic Plague

The bubonic plague started in Asia in the 14th century and was carried by merchants. It killed about one-third of the population, causing significant devastation.

Indian Ocean Trade

Dominated by Persians and Arabs, the Indian Ocean trade route stretched from western India to the Persian Gulf and eastern Africa. Great Zimbabwe was a trading empire in Africa during this time, and vibrant Indian Ocean communities emerged through cultural intermixing.

Silk Road

The Silk Road connected China to Mediterranean cultures, facilitating cultural exchange through trade towns like Kashgar and Samarkand. It allowed for the exchange of silk, porcelain, paper, religion, food, and military technologies.

Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League was a trading alliance of over 100 cities in northern Europe. It created a substantial middle class and set a precedent for large European trading operations.

Expansion of Religion and Empire

The spread of religion occurred naturally through trade and intentional diffusion through missionary work or religious war. People were also on the move due to overcrowding in certain areas and the growth of cities and empires. Notable global travelers included Xuanzang, Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, and Margery Kempe.

European Developments

After 300 years of development, Europe became the dominant world power. The Renaissance brought a focus on personal accomplishment and a revival of the arts. The Protestant Reformation challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, leading to the split of Christianity into various denominations. The Scientific Revolution led to new discoveries and a shift towards the scientific method.

European Rivals

Spain and Portugal became powerful nations through exploration and colonization. England experienced political and religious turmoil, leading to the establishment of a limited monarchy. France centralized under a strong monarchy, while Germany faced challenges due to its mixed dynamics and the devastation of the Thirty Years' War. Russia overthrew the Mongols and underwent westernization under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great.

Islamic Gunpowder Empires

The Ottoman Empire, founded by Osman Bey, expanded its rule from Greece to Persia and Egypt. They employed the devshirme system and had a golden age under Suleiman I. The Mughal Empire united the Indian subcontinent, with Akbar promoting religious toleration. Africa saw the rise of powerful kingdoms like Songhai, Kongo, and Angola. China experienced the Ming Dynasty and later the Qing Dynasty, which ruled until 1911.

Qianlong

Ruled from 1735 to 1796 and conquered Vietnam, Burma, Nepal.

Confucian scholars

Qianlong and his ruling class were both Confucian scholars.

National Seclusion Policy (1635)

Prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad and prohibited most foreigners.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Established Tokugawa Shogunate (Edo period) from 1600 to 1868 - strict government that instituted a rigid social class model.

Maroon Societies (Caribbean and Brazil) - 17th-18th century

Resisted slave-owners in Americas and avoided attempts to be recaptured and sold.

The New World

Accidental Empire:Spanish explorers found great wealth in Aztec and Inca Empires.

Disease

Ultimate Weapon of Mass Destruction:Spanish brought smallpox to the Aztec Empire which reduced their population from 20 million in 1520 to 2 million in 1580.

The Encomienda System

Spanish implemented a hierarchical colonial society as they took over the New World.

African Slave Trade

Slaves brought to New World to work on the plantations and mines.

The Columbian Exchange

Transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, people, technology, ideas among Europe, Americas, and Africa.

The Commercial Revolution

Age of Exploration:trading, empire building, conquest - due to financing schemes.

The Enlightenment

17th and 18th centuries - humankind in relation to government.

American Revolution

Americans revolting against British rulership.

French Revolution

France was running out of money from monarch spending, wars, and droughts.

Congress of Vienna

Balance of power should be maintained among powers of Europe.

Haitian Revolution

Haiti revolted successfully against French rule.

South American Independence

Colonists declared independence from Spain in various South American countries.

Mexican Revolution

Protest of neocolonialism - rejection of Porfirio Diaz’s dictatorship to protest impoverished conditions.

Industrial Revolution

Began in Britain in the 19th century - spread through Europe, Japan, US.

Urbanization

The process of people moving from rural areas to cities.

Domestic system

Most work being done on farms or at home or at small shops.

Flying shuttle

Invention that sped up the weaving process.

Spinning jenny

Invention that allowed for the spinning of vast amounts of thread.

Cotton gin

Invention by Eli Whitney that processed massive amounts of cotton quickly.

Steam engine

Invention by Thomas Newcomer and James Watt that revolutionized transportation and industry.

Steamship

Invention by Robert Fulton that transformed maritime transportation.

Steam-powered locomotive

Invention by George Stephenson that revolutionized land transportation.

Telegraph

Invention that allowed for communication over great distances in seconds.

Telephone

Invention by Alexander Graham Bell that revolutionized communication.

Lightbulb

Invention that revolutionized lighting.

Internal Combustion Engine

Invention that revolutionized the automobile industry.

Radio

Invention that revolutionized communication and entertainment.

Factory Act of 1883

Legislation that limited work hours, restricted child labor, and improved factory conditions.

Labour Unions

Organizations that allowed employees to bargain for better working conditions.

Nationalism

Strong sense of pride and loyalty to one's own nation or cultural heritage.

Marxism

Ideology based on the ideas of Karl Marx, advocating for the working class to take control of the means of production.

Luddites

Workers who destroyed equipment to protest working conditions.

Monroe Doctrine

US policy declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization.

Roosevelt Corollary

US policy stating that the US would intervene in financial disputes between the Americas and Europe.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty signed in 1919 to officially end World War I, imposing harsh punishments on Germany.

Provisional Government

The ineffective government established by Alexander Kerensky that disagreed with the local councils, or soviets, representing workers, peasants, and soldiers.

Bolsheviks

The socialist party led by Vladimir Lenin, known for their Marxist ideology.

April Theses

The demands issued by Lenin, including peace, land for peasants, and power to the soviets.

Soviet Union

The name given to the government that took power within 6 months of the Bolsheviks' rise, eventually becoming the Soviet Union.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The armistice signed with Germany in 1918, which resulted in the cession of part of western Russia to Germany.

Red Army

The military force created by the Bolsheviks, led by Leon Trotsky, to defeat counterrevolutions.

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)

The leader who led a successful military campaign against Greece and overthrew the Ottoman Empire to become the first president of Turkey.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

The policy instituted by Lenin in the 1920s, allowing farmers to sell portions of grain for profit, but later discarded by Stalin.

Five-Year Plans

The plans implemented by Stalin to take over private farms for state-owned enterprises, leading to industrialization and totalitarianism.

Fascism

An ideology that aimed to destroy the will of the individual in favor of the people, promoting extreme nationalism and often racial identity.

Benito Mussolini

The founder of the first fascist state in Italy in 1919, who gained power through the Blackshirts and became Prime Minister.

Adolf Hitler

The leader of the National Socialist Party (Nazis) in Germany, who rose to power in the 1920s and became the leader of the Third Reich.

Appeasement

The policy of giving in to the demands of aggressive nations, which failed to prevent Hitler's expansionist activities.

Japan

A world power that formed an alliance with Britain in 1905, but later became militaristic and invaded Manchuria and China, eventually leading to WWII.

Holocaust

The genocide of millions of Jews under German control, aimed at creating the Aryan race.

United Nations

An international organization established in 1945 to prevent another world war and mediate international disputes.

Cold War

The period of tension and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1945 to the early 1990s.

Berlin Wall

The wall built by the Soviet Union to separate East and West Berlin, symbolizing the division between the Eastern and Western blocs during the Cold War.

Mao Zedong

The leader of the Chinese Communist Party who established the People's Republic of China and implemented policies such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.

Cuban Revolution

The revolution led by Fidel Castro in 1959, which overthrew the Batista dictatorship and established a communist regime in Cuba.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Came to power in 1986 and urged restructuring of Soviet economy - elements of private ownership instituted, nuclear arms treaties with US

Soviet Union Disintegration

Poland and other former Soviet nations separated from USSR, Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991

Balkan Conflict

Mostly peaceful, but ethnic cleansing occurred in the Balkans and many Muslims were murdered by Christian Serbians - led to UN troop involvement

US as the World's Only Superpower

Most new countries formed constitutional democracies, Cold War was over, and US emerged as the world’s only superpower

Democracy and Authoritarian Rule in Russia

New Russia looked like a perfect federal state, but their abrupt intro to democracy and capitalism led to corruption, high unemployment, poverty, widespread crime

Boris Yeltsin

First president, Boris Yeltsin, had the challenge of reforming Russia

Vladimir Putin

Yeltsin resigned in 1999 and former KGB agent Vladimir Putin became the head and has between the President and Prime Minister since then

Independence Movements in India

Indian National Congress, mostly Hindu, established in 1885 and Muslim League in 1906 to increase rights of Indians under colonial rule

Amritsar Massacre

In 1919, Amritsar Massacre catapulted resistance - 319 Indians killed by the British during a peaceful protest

Mohandas Gandhi

Mohandas Gandhi became an important figure in resistance - philosophy of passive resistance (demonstrations, boycotts instead of violence)

Partition of India

Muslims and Hindus disagreed with how the independent nation should function - one group wanted unity between Hindus and Muslims, the other wanted to partition the subcontinent and form a separate Muslim nation called Pakistan

Independence Movements in Africa

In 1910, South Africa established its own constitution, that was discriminatory to native Africans, and in 1912, the African National Congress was formed to oppose European colonialism

Algerian War for Independence

Algeria fought war for independence against France from 1954-1962

African Union

53/54 of African nations belong to African Union - replaced Organization of African Unity

Rwandan Genocide

Conflict between Tutsi and Hutu groups caused ethnic strife, genocide, and human rights violations after colonial authorities left