socio economic determinants

Income

Money received from employment, benefits, pensions, or other sources; enables access to basic needs like food, housing, and leisure.

Work

Provides income, structure, purpose, social interaction, and identity.

Positive Impact of Sufficient Income

Access to nutritious food, healthcare, and safe housing; reduced stress and anxiety; better physical and mental health outcomes.

Positive Impact of Sufficient Income (Well-being)

Ability to participate in social and cultural activities; improved self-esteem and life satisfaction.

Positive Impact of Sufficient Income (Resilience)

Financial stability allows better coping with unexpected events; employment builds routine and confidence.

Negative Impacts of Low Income (Health)

Poor nutrition, inadequate housing, limited access to healthcare; increased risk of chronic illness and mental health issues.

Negative Impacts of Low Income (Well-being)

Financial stress, social exclusion, and reduced life satisfaction; feelings of helplessness or low self-worth.

Negative Impacts of Low Income (Resilience)

Difficulty coping with adversity due to lack of resources; increased vulnerability to stress and crises.

Poverty Definition

The state of not having enough financial resources to meet basic needs such as food, housing, clothing, healthcare, and education.

Absolute Poverty

A lack of essentials for survival.

Relative Poverty

Living below the standard of living in a society.

Impact of Poverty on Children

High risk of illness, poor nutrition, low self-esteem, social exclusion, and fewer learning resources.

Impact of Poverty on Adults

Increased risk of chronic conditions, financial stress, barriers to training, and difficulty managing crises.

Barriers to Employment: Disabled People

Physical barriers (lack of access), attitudinal barriers (misconceptions), and support gaps (limited assistive technology).

Barriers to Employment: Carers

Time constraints due to caring responsibilities; lack of flexible work and financial pressure for childcare.

Barriers to Employment: EAL Individuals

Language barriers in interviews; overseas qualifications not being recognized; discrimination against non-native speakers.

Barriers to Employment: Lack of Qualifications

Limited job options (minimum GCSE requirements); prohibitive cost of training; cycle of disadvantage.

Barriers to Employment: Protected Characteristics

Discrimination based on age, gender, race, religion, or disability; lack of inclusive workplace culture.

Job Security and Resilience

Knowing you have a stable job reduces stress; financial security allows for future planning; secure jobs often provide benefits like healthcare.

Unemployment in Rural Areas

Limited job opportunities; decline in traditional sectors (farming); depopulation/brain drain; poor transport and infrastructure; seasonal/low-paid work.