History Unit 2

Leonardo Da Vinci

Who greatly influenced the study of human anatomy?

Medical practitioners

In the 15th century, embalming was practiced by what group?

William Harvey

Who discovered the circulation of blood?

Marcello Malpighi

Who was the Father of Histology and discovered capillary circulation?

Gabriel Clauderus

Who wrote the first how-to book for arterial embalming?

William Hunter

Who was the first to use arterial injection for embalming and first to offer embalming for burials?

Jean Gannal

Who wrote The History of Embalming textbook and made embalming available to the public?

Richard Harlan

Who translated The History of Embalming textbook to English?

In or about

What does em- mean?

Resinous substance

What does -balm mean?

16th century

When did the word ‘undertaker’ relate to funeral service?

The herald

Who supervised funerals?

The undertaker

Who provided some type of funeral paraphernalia?

The underwriter

Who provided financial backing for an enterprise (funeral)?

Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek

Who was the Father of Bacteriology and was the first to manufacture the microscope for commercial use?

Gabriel Clauderus

Who utilized a chemical called “Balsomic Spirit”?

Frederik Ruysch

Who was the first to use arterial embalming and developed an injection from mercuric sulfide?

Frederik Ruysch

Who was the Father of Embalming and used the Y incision?

William Hunter

Who advocated the use of the femoral artery for his point of injection?

John Hunter

Who defined the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

Feudal funerals

What were elaborate funerals called?

Friendly Societies

Descendants of earlier Leagues of Prayer and burial guilds that continued to arrange for the burial of the lower class.

Grinning skulls, shroud clad corpses, thigh bones, hearses

What were some of the decorative details of the handbills of undertakers?

Wood workers

Who made wooden coffins?

Edwin Chadwick and Poor Law Commissioners

Who investigated the conditions in which urban English workers lived, worked, and died?

Required death certificate, abolished trade cemeteries, established national cemeteries

Which of Chadwick’s recommendations influenced funeral service?

Monks

Bloodletting was historically practiced by what group?

Surgeons of the Short Robe

Trade of the barber-surgeons.

Surgeons of the Long Robe

The trade of the medical doctors.

Widow’s mite

A very small monetary contribution by a poor person.

Clergy

Who demanded funeral simplicity in the name of religion?

Sanitarians

Who demanded funeral simplicity in the name of sanitation due to intramural burial?

Friendly Societies

What were the forerunners of modern industrial insurance?

Sanitization movement

What is partly responsible for the increase in cremation?

Hunter’s canal

What was the original name for the femoral triangle?

18th century

By what century did undertakers start doing embalming?

Christianity

What influenced funeral behavior during the early Middle Ages?

600-1850 AD

What was the period of the Middle Ages?

5th century

When did Church Funerals begin?

Bubonic Plague, The Black Death, 2nd Bubonic Plague, The Great Plague of London

What were the 4 plagues?

13

Some Masses were said for how many days after burial and on the anniversary of their death?

The Death Watch

What of England was the counterpart of the Crier of Rome?

Sepulchral Monuments

Stone coffins whose lids formed a continuous portion of the pavement of churches.

6th century

When did the Bubonic Plagues enter Europe?

6 AM and 6 PM

During the Bubonic Plague, it was prohibited to bury the dead between what time frame?

Bone burial

When cemeteries became overcrowded during the Great Plague of London, what began?

The Burial in Woolen Act of 1666

Required that woolen cloth be substituted for linen in the shroud of lining of the coffin.

The Dark Ages

The Middle Ages were also referred to as what?

Western Roman Empire in Rome, Holy Roman Empire in Constantinople

What are the divisions of the Roman Empire?

God’s acre

Cemeteries in churchyards were referred to as what?

Funeral feast

What celebrated/welcomed the heir to their new estate?

Long trenches with people buried layer by layer

During the plague, how did the church bury people?

Bone burial

Process where the body is boiled, leaving only the bones to be buried.

Kofinos meaning basket, coffer, or chest

Coffin comes from what Greek word?

White

What was first the mourning color for women that became the mourning color for all?

Purple

What was the mourning color for royalty?

Remarriage frowned upon. If married to high status man, retired to convent or life in strict seclusion in dower house

What was the code of conduct for a widow after the death of her husband?

Barbe, widow’s bonnet

What was the required clothing for widows?

Below chin for lower class, above for baroness and higher

Describe how a barbe was worn.

East

Burial was done with the feet facing which direction?

Physical decay of body

In the Middle Ages, the fear of death concerned what?

Votive masses

Masses made in fulfillment of vows or promises.

Interdict

What was a spiritual weapon used by the pope to punish rebellious rulers or people that prohibited Christian rite of burial.

Weepers

Bands of black for dead man, white for dead woman, on arms of gentlemen in mourning.

Clear those present at death of foul play and for those not present to see that no foul play occurred

What did the wake serve to accomplish?

Quarterage

A small, regular contribution in a burial club.

Mort cloths

What was the pall referred to as in the Middle Ages?

Chrisom

A primitive baptismal robe constructed to permit the priest to anoint the deceased child on the back or chest.

Cerecloth

A cloth treated with wax, alum or gummy matter.

Ate loaf of bread, drank bowl of beer, accepted six-pence

How did sin eaters take the sins of the deceased onto themselves?

Lighthearted

Funerals in the Middle Ages were classified as what?

Anatomical preservation

What was embalming in the Middle Ages done for?