Fallacies / Syllogisms - philo exam

F- Personal Attack (Ad Hominem)

“I wouldn't take hygiene advice from Allan. He stinks.”

{Discrediting a person by focusing on who they are rather than the argument. }

F- Guilty by Association

“I would totally be friends with her, but I don't like her because she’s friends with Bethany.”

{Assume that this person has unfavorable personality traits based on the fact that they associate with someone you don’t like.}

F- Straw Person

“You like your hair curly? You must hate everyone with straight hair.”

{Using minor facts to draw a larger conclusion.}

F- Post Hoc

“I wore these pants last time I did well on a test. Therefore, I should always wear these pants when I have a test.”

{The assumption that because one event preceded another event, they must be related.}

F- Begging the Question

“My Mom told me I’m the prettiest girl. I know I’m the prettiest because my Mom told me so.”

{The conclusion is made to be true based on the arguments' premises.}

F- Inconsistency

“Paper straws are better for the environment than plastic straws. Paper straws use trees for production, and trees are necessary for a healthy environment.”

{The reasoning for this argument contradicts the point it’s trying to make.}

F- False Dichotomy

“I am against excessive industrial manufacturing.  Then you must be against the growth of society.”

{Misrepresenting different opinions to say that there is only one option or a completely different option.}

F- Glittering Generalities

“We are fighting for truth and for freedom!”

{Stating general things that appeal to people emotionally and carry importance with no support.}

F- Appeal to Authority (Ad Verecundiam)

“Drake has drinks with passionfruit in them, so they're good enough for me.”

{Considering the status of the person is all the reasoning needed to conclude.”

F- Card Stacking

“Sugar is necessary for your health. Is delicious, and makes you happy.”

{Only providing the good information and intentionally excluding the negatives."}

F- Bandwagon (Ad Populum)

“Star Wars is the best movie series of all time. That's what everyone says.”

{This argument is based on others' opinions.}

F- Tu Quo que

“Sure, I got question 4 wrong on the test. But so did you.”

{The reasoning is that it is excusing one's actions and mistakes because other people have made the same mistakes.}

F- Equivocation

“That test was hard, it was just so difficult.”

{The reasoning is that it is stating the same thing just in different words.}

F- Narative Fallacy

“The bear attacked the wolf, but the wolf fought it off and survived. Then lived a long happy life.”

{A flawed story line.}

S- Affirming the Antecedent

If a, then b.

a.

Therefore b.

S- Denying the Consequence

If a, then b.

Not-b.

Therefore not-a.

S- Chain Argument

If a, then b.

If b, then c.

Therefore if a, then c. 

S- Disjunctive Syllogism

Either a or b.

Not - a.

Therefore b.

S- Fallacy of Denying the Antecedent

If a, then b. 

Not - a. 

Therefore not - b.

S- Fallacy of Affirming the Consequence

If a, then b.

b.

Therefore a.