Chapter 5 & 6: Clinical Psychology

anxiety disorders are caused by social contributions such as _____ events, biological contributions such as _____ _____, depleted _____ levels, _____ neurotransmitter system, and _____ system associated with anxiety

stressful; genetic vulnerability; GABA; serotonergic; noradrenergic

corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) activates the _____-_____-_____ axis  connected to multiple parts of brain (limbic system, locus coeruleus, prefrontal cortex, and dopamingeric system)

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical 

behavioral initiation system (BIS) is activated by the _____ _____allows us to respond to _____, freeze, and feel anxious

brain stem; threat

anxiety is a negative _____ state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and general state of apprehension. _____ orientated for potential threats with increased physiological _____

mood; future; arousal

fear is the _____ reaction to current danger in fight or flight responses. excessive and generalized leads to _____ disorder

immediate; panic

panic is _____ alarm resulting in overwhelming reaction of intense _____. situationally bound (_____), unexpected (_____), situitionally predisposed panic attack

false; fear; cued; uncued

only _____ of those with anxiety seek treatment despite it being the most _____ mental disorder

20%; common

fight or flight system involved in panic activated by _____ _____ and travel through _____ structures and _____ matter. _____ system is overly responsive. cerebral cortex controlling functions are _____

brain stem; midbrain; grey; limbic; deficient

anxiety can be from a sense of _____ or lack from parents

control 

triple vulnerability model for _____ has a generalized _____ vulnerability, _____ psychological vulnerability and _____ psychological vulnerability

anxiety; biological; generalized; specific 

_____ times more likely to develop panic disorder and _____ times more likely to develop generalized anxiety disorder when smoking as teen

15;5

generalized anxiety disorder consist of persistent symptoms of at least _____ months. this disorder has no _____ cause for anxiety or stressor

6; specific

prefrontal cortex, amygdala impairments, hippocampus, neurotransmitters (GABA, serotonin alternations, cortisol (hormones) are examples of _____ causes for _____ disorder 

biological; anxiety 

modeling/learning, irrational thought are examples of _____ causes for _____ disorder

cognitive/behavioral; anxiety

not facing reality/destiny (death), projecting are examples of _____ causes for _____ disorder

humanistic; anxiety

increasing anxiety from society, threatening events, different upbringing of societal expectations/procedures/algorithm are examples of _____ causes for _____ disorder

sociocultural; anxiety

anxiety and worry are associated with _____ or more following of the six symptoms (one required for children): 

• _____/feeling on edge 

• being easily _____ 

• difficulty _____, mind going blank 

• _____ 

• _____ tension 

• _____ disturbances 

three 

• restlessness 

• fatigued 

• irritability 

• muscle

• sleep 

maladaptive/irrational assumptions, metacognitive theory, intolerance of uncertainty, classical conditioning/overgeneralization are examples of _____ causes of _____ disorder

cognitive/behavioral; anxiety

_____ focuses on upcoming problems where you don’t pay attention to potential threats

avoidance

poor defense mechanisms, extreme punishment, overprotection, unacceptable sexual/aggressive impulses, approaching awareness are examples of _____ causes of _____ disorder

psychodynamic; anxiety

that are _____ females than males with _____ disorder. more _____ in south africa. median age _____ years

more; anxiety; males; 31

treatment of _____ includes CBT to process threatening information on emotion level/ cognitive reconstructing, _____ medication along with venlafaxine and paroxetine are used, _____ are commonly used and best used for short period

anxiety; antidepressant; benzodiazephines

_____treatment for anxiety disorders include _____ _____ regard/empathy and genuineness, _____ treatment includes _____ assocation, transference, and dreams

humanistic; unconditional positive; psychodynamic; free

comorbidity of anxiety disorder include _____ and _____ _____ . physical disorders include _____ disease, _____ disease, _____, arthritis, migranes, and allergies

depression; substance abuse; thyroid; respiratory; IBS

_____% of people with panic disorder attempt suicide even without depression symptoms based on stress level 

20

phobic disorders consist a fear that is _____ and debilitating as it impairs ____

irrational; functioning

three distinct types of phobias: 

• _____ phobia 

• _____ phobia 

• _____ 

social; specific; agoraphobia 

specific phobias

• _____-_____-_____ phobia

• _____phobia

• _____ _____ phobia

• _____ phobia

• separation anxiety disorder

 

blood-injury- injection; situational; natural environment; animal

agoraphobia

fear of having a panic attack in public

phobias develop under _____ _____ and maintained under _____ _____ as avoidance is under negative reinforcment

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

psychodynamic perspective includes the _____ impulse of aggression or sexual desires of nearing awareness causing _____or projecting onto an _____

unconscious; anxiety; object 

modeling perspective of anxiety includes _____ another person being afraid 

observing 

cultural influences of panic disorder include

various incidents that are prevalent around the world

more common for women to have anxiety disorder by _____ : _____

2:1

most effective therapy for anxiety disorder, including _____

exposure-based therapy

fear stimulus hierarchy, relaxation training, gradual exposure (in vivo), flooding, and virtual reality therapy are all _____ based treatment for _____ disorder 

exposure; anxiety  

psychopharmacology for panic disorder/agoraphobia includes _____ medication including tofranil, anafrail, paxil, zoloff, and _____ (anti-anxiety) including xanax-high relapse rate

antidepressant; anxiolytic

therapy for panic disorder includes _____ such as relaxation, coping, breathing, cognitive, and exposure therapy

CBT

_____% of individuals treated with CBT improved for panic disorder

90

agoraphobia 

fear of places or situations where escape isn’t possible—result in avoidance of situations

agoraphobia is more common in _____

women

panic disorder includes experiencing _____ terrifying panic attacks that come without _____of building a peak in 10-15 minutes lasting hours. initial panic attack is _____, but reccurrent ones become associated with _____

recurrent; warning; spontaneous; cues

panic disorder may lead to _____

agoraphobia 

to meet panic disorder criteria, must need at least _____ _____of persistent fear and worry consequence of attack

one month

social anxiety disorder is the intense fear of _____ situations and excessive fear of negative _____

social; evaluations

social anxiety is more common in _____with a lifetime prevalence of _____to _____% with a median onset of age _____ years. associated with childhood _____

women; 12; 13; 13; shyness 

biological causes of social anxiety is greater activation of _____ to angry faces, inherit biological vulnerability to develop anxiety resulting in poor _____ or panic attack

amygdala; performance  

four majo

92

social anxiety consist of an individual with _____ standards, view self-_____, _____ and expect negative outcomes, _____ reinforces anxiety

unrealistic; negatively; anticipate; avoidance 

treatment of social anxiety consists of _____ (cognitive restructing, role playing = more effective than drug treatment). psychopharmacology consists of _____-_____, _____ medication (zoloft, paxil, effexor)

CBT; beta-blockers; anti-depressant

panic disorder causes include psychodynamic factors of early object _____ or _____, cognitive factors of _____ sensitivity or _____ thinking

loss; separation; anxiety; catastrophic

panic disorder often develops after _____ stress and heritability estimated at _____% in twins

life; 73

panic disorder biological causes include improper _____ (amygdala, locus coeruleus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, norepinephrine), _____ influences, sensitive “alarm system”

circuitry; genetic

those with panic disorder have lower levels of _____ and _____ regulates emotional stress

GABA; serotonin

nocturnal panic attacks occur more often between _____ and _____ AM. occurs when going into _____ sleep (deepest stage of sleep) from sensation of “letting go”

1:30; 3:30; delta

sleep apnea

snoring from lack of oxygen and waking up in panic

metacognitive theory 

belief that worry is helpful in coping 

obsessive compulsive disorder and related disorders (5)

• obsessive compulsive disorder

• body-dysmorphic disorder

• hoarding disorder

• trichotillomania

• excoriation

_____ _____ disorder is persistent, upsetting and unwanted thoughts centered on possibility of infection, contamination, or doing harm to oneself 

obsessive compulsive 

four subtypes of OCD

symmetry, forbidden thoughts/actions, cleaning/contamination, hoarding

compulsions are performed to avoid dreaded outcomes and reduce feeling of _____. compulsions are the _____ of carrying out ritualistic repetitive behaviors from _____ thoughts

anxiety; act; obsessive

OCD is _____ common in males and females

equally

_____ perspective of OCD focuses on compulsions keeping the unconscious inappropriate thoughts _____ focusing on _____ stage

psychodynamic; unconscious ; anal

diathesis stress model are the traits to proneness, high ability to be _____, openness to altered states of consciousness making person susceptible to _____ disorder

hypnotized; DID

_____ perspective of OCD consist of random compulsions at first, but is then reinforced. exposure to ritual prevention

behavioral

_____ perspective of OCD is genetic with low levels of _____and limits _____, over _____ of amygdala and prefrontal cortex, abnormal activation of _____ lobes and dysfunction in _____ _____

biological; serotonin; glutamate; arousal; frontal; basal ganglia

_____ perspective of OCD is though-action fusion, irrational thoughts, and perfectionism

cognitive

10-40% of children and adolescents with OCD have _____ disorder

tic

OCD and BDD disorders treatment approach include psychopharmacology such as _____ medication most are likely to _____ on the medication

antidepressant; relapse 

psychosurgery of OCD include _____ cingulate bundle, _____ _____ stimulation, and _____ with response prevention

lesion; deep brain; explosure

_____ _____disorder is the preoccupation with imagined defect in appearance with high rates of _____ death

body dysmorphic; suicidal

BDD is _____ common in men and women

equally

excorciation is the picking of _____ resulting in lesions. most common in _____

skin; females

trichotillomania is the recurrent pulling out of one’s _____having increase sense of _____ before or attempting to resist behavior. more common in _____. increased overlap with _____ and related to _____

hair; tension; females; PTSD; anxiety

BDD uses _____ medication and is comorbid with _____. exposure and response prevention are important 

anti-depressant; OCD;  

_____ disorder is the excessive need to _____ items. (the anxiety of not having something)

hoarding; save

_____ and _____ related disorder consist of reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, PTSD, acute stress disorder and adjustment disorder

trauma; stressor

threat signals the _____ to release neurotransmitters to activate the _____ and _____ system. the HPA pathway includes the _____ gland that secretes _____ hormone releasing _____

hypothalamus; ANS; endocrine; pituitary; adrenocorticotropic; corticosteroids

biological cause of PTSD includes abnormal activity of _____ and _____, dysfunctional _____ and _____

cortisol; norephinephrine; hippocampus; amygdala 

behavioral/learning of PTSD includes _____ _____ as triggers are associated with anxiety and _____ _____ through avoidance

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

causes of PTSD include uncontrollable world, childhood/family _____ and intensity and proximity of _____

instability; trauma

types of PTSD trauma include

combat, natural disasters, victimization, terrorism, torture, and accidents

PTSD is exposure to actual/threatened _____, serious _____ or sexual _____ by directly experiencing, witnessing, or learning about these events 

death; injury; violence 

PTSD can still occur if you are exposed to the event but don’t experience it _____ such as first responders

directly/firsthand

PTSD symptoms include recurrent, involuntary, intrusive, distressing _____ of traumatic events or dreams, flashbacks as if event were _____, intense or prolonged psychological distress from _____ to cues, and _____ of certain cues

memories; recurring; exposure; avoidance

support systems _____ likelihood of PTSD. there is _____ self-efficacy and _____ hostility which increases likelihood, or finding meaning to traumatic event

decrease; low; high

treatment of PTSD includes _____ with repeated exposure through talking, visiting, and watching the trauma, _____ (eye movement), and psychopharmacology _____ and zoloft  

CBT; EMDR; benzodiapines 

psychological debriefing was thought to treat _____ with the concept that the _____ you process trauma, the better chances of not getting this disorder. this was proven NOT true

PTSD; quicker

EMDR is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing where the eyes move _____ and _____ while _____ the trauma

back; forth; discussing

duration of PTSD symptoms longer than _____ month is considered a disorder. women _____ more likely to develop

one; 2x

acute stress disorder occurs when symptoms reside within _____ _____ with subjective sense of numbing, detachment, or absence of emotional responsiveness, _____ in awareness of surroundings, _____, _____, and dissociative _____

one month; reduced; depersonalization; derealization; amnesia 

those with PTSD have irritable behavior, and _____ outbursts, _____ physically or mentally with others, hyperviligent, _____ startled response, _____ disturbances, concentration problems

angry; violent; exaggerated; sleep

dissociative amnesia is the inability to _____ personal information or basic factual/historical information

recall

four types of dissociative amnesia

localized, specific, generalized, continuous

localized amnesia is the most _____ where a specific _____ _____cannot be recalled at time of event 

common; time point 

selective amnesia is only forgetting the _____ _____ part of traumatic event

detailed distressful

generalized amnesia is forgetting large amount of _____ /forgetting things prior in _____. onset sudden

lives; childhood

continuous amnesia is forgetting everything _____ the event (_____ amnesia)

after; antereograde

DID women to men ratio

15:8 

dissociative fugue is the sudden loss of personal memory and adoption of new _____ in new _____. when this occurs, old identity disappears from memory

identity; location