TEAS Science

standard anatomical position

feet facing forward and hip width apart, upright, arms at the side with palms facing forward

sagittal/lateral plane

divides vertically into right and left sections. runs parallel to the midline of the body

coronal/frontal plane

divides vertically into anterior and posterior sections. runs vertically at right angles through the midline of the body

axial/transverse plane

divides horizontally into superior and inferior halves

medial

closer to the midline

lateral

farther from the midline

proximal

closer to the center of the body or POA

distal

farther from the center of the body or POA

anterior

front

posterior

back

cephalad/cephilic

towards the head

cranial

of the skull

caudad

towards the tail or posterior

caudal

of the hindquarters

superior

above/closer to the head

inferior

below/closer to the feet

right hypochondriac (what number and organs)

right kidney, liver, gallbladder, small intestine; 1

epigastric (what number and organs)

stomach, liver, adrenal glands, pancreas, spleen, small intestine; 2

left hypochondriac (what number and organs)

left kidney, spleen, pancreas, colon; 3

right lumbar (what number and organs)

ascending colon, liver, gallbladder; 4

umbilical (what number and organs)

small intestine, duodenum, umbilicus; 5

left lumbar (what number and organs)

descending colon, left kidney; 6

right iliac (what number and organs)

cecum, appendix; 7

hypogastric (what number and organs)

bladder, female reproductive organs, sigmoid colon; 8

left iliac (what number and organs)

descending and sigmoid colon; 9

right upper quadrant (ruq)

duodenum, part of ascending and transverse colon, hepatic flexure, liver, gallbladder, pancreas (head), right kidney, right adrenal gland

right lower quadrant (rlq)

cecum, appendix, right ureter, right fallopian tube, right ovary

left upper quadrant (luq)

stomach, liver (left lobe), pancreas (body), left kidney, left adrenal gland, splenic flexure, spleen, part of transverse and descending colon

left lower quadrant (llq)

left ureter, left fallopian tube, left ovary, part of descencing and sigmoid colon

ventrical cavity includes:

located on the anterior aspect of the trunk and is comprised of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities separated by the diaphragm

thoracic cavity

above diaphragm; contains lungs and the mediastinum

abdominopelvic cavity

below the diaphragm to pelvic floor; contains the upper abdominal cavity and the lower pelvic cavity (NOT PHYSICALLY SEPARATED).

mediastinum does what

separates throacic cavity into right and left compartmentcompartments

what lies in the mediastinum

heart, trachea, esophagus and thymus gland

what lies in the abdominal cavity

stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, large and small intestines

what lies in the pelvic cavity

*encased in pelvic bones*; internal reporductive organs, bladder, and the distal part of the colon

what does the partial layer line

cavity walls

what does the visceral layer line

organs

what does the serous membranes do

secrete serous fluid that separates the parietal and visceral layers

membrane lining the thoracic cavities

parietal pluera

what type of membrane lines the heart

pericardial

what type of membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity

periotneal

dorsal cavity includes:

brain and spinal cord; comprised of brain; comprised of crain and vertebral cavitycranial

crainial cavity contains

*encased in crainial bones*; brain, 12 cranial nerves, pituatary gland

purpose of meninges

dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater; line the cranial cavity and surround the brain and spinal cord, contain CSF between arachnoid and pia mater in subarachnoid space

purpose of meninges and CSF

protect and cushion the dorsal cavity

pia mater (inner)

*vascularized*; adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

arachnoid mater (middle)

contains coonnective tissue but NOT nerves of blood vessels

dura mater (outer)

*enervated and vascularized*; lies next to the bones and folds inwards in places in the cavity and separates the brain into different compartments

what are the two layers of the dura mater, and what do they do

endosteal layer: lines cranial bones; meningeal layer: lines the endosteal layer within the cranium and lines the veterbral cavity

vertebral cavity contains

vertebrae and spinal cord

meninges extend from what to what

crainal cavity to enclose the vertebral cavity

function of the respiratory system

move air in and out in order to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

respiratory system consists of

nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, and diaphragm

bronchial tube branch to ______

bronchioles to clusters of alveoli

alveoli

tiny sacs inside the lungs where gas exchange takes place

in-depth process of breathing

diaphragm contracts → volume of the chest increases → reduces pressure of lungs → air is inhaled through nose or mouth → passes through pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes into the lungs → diaphragm relaxes → volume in chest decreases → air out of lungs

what happens in the conductive zone of the respiratory system

brings inhaled air to the respiratory zone

what happens in the respiratory zone of the respiratory system

gas exchange

where does gas exchange occur

respiratory zone

what organs/muscles are crucial for pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

diaphragm and intercostal muscles

external respiration

exchange between lungs and blood

internal respiration

exchange between blood and tissues

primary functions of respiratory system

breathing and gas exchange

secondary functions of the respiratory system

blood pH regulation, thermoregulation (body temp), odor detection, speech production, filtration of particulate matter, and protection against disease

what is gas exchange, and how does it work

loading of oxygen into pulmonary blood and the removal of carbon dioxide

inhaled air moves through the mouth/nose, through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, right and left bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

→

in the alveoli, gases diffuse down their partial pressure gradients across the respiratory membrane.

→

oxygen diffuses into the blood, where it is delivered to tissues throughout the body and carbon dioxide diffuses out as a waste product

respiratory membrane

shared membrane between capillaries and alveoli in gas exchange

how does thermoregulation work

capillaries in the respiratory tract (nasal passages and trachea) constrict to conserve heat and dilate to release heat

how does the respiratory system protect against disease

immunoglobulin A (IgA) is produced in the mucosal lining and the antibodies it produces aids in immune defense by neutralizing pathogens

mast cells in the respiratory tract release inflammatory chemicals that increase blood flow and alert the immune system to a threat

large phagocytic cells, macrophages, protect the lungs by engulfing small cells and particulates

how does the respiratory system filter particulate matter

some particles are filtered by nostril hairs, others get caught in mucus. lysosomes in the mucus break down the debris, and the cilia that line the respiratory tract sweep it away

how many lobes does the right lung have

three

how many lobes does the left lung have

two

what are the right and left lung separated by

the mediastinum

what organ primarly occupies the thoracic cavity

the lungs

what lines the thoracici cavity

parietal pleura

what lines the surface of the lungs

visceral pleura

where does the trachea fork into the primary bronchi, which enter the left and right lungs

the hilum

bronchial tree

primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → brochioles → terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs → alveoli

combined surface area of the alveoli

70m²

the wall of each alveolus consist of ______

a single layer of squamous, epithelial cells, most of which are type one cells

what are type two cells and what do they do

cuboidal cells; secrete surfactant to prevent alveoli from collapsing

diaphragm

thin, dome shaped muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic.

what is reponsible for changing the volume and pressure fo air in the lungs

the diaphragm, external and internal intercostal muscles of the rib cage

the mechanism of breathing follows ___

boyles law

boyles law

pressure and gas have an inverse relationship (temp must be constant)

inspiration and process

“breathing in”

diaphragm and external intercostals contract, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, rib cage and sternum elevate and expand outwards

increase in volume decreases intrapleural pressure and air enters the lungs

inspiration is what kind of breathing? why?

negative pressure breathing

the pressure in the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure (gases move down pressure gradient)

expiration and process

*passive*; relaxing the same muscles used in inhalation

volume of thoracic cavity decreases, intraplural pressure increases, air leaves the lungs

how can air be forcibly pushed out

contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

main functions of the cardiovascular system

gas exchange, delivery of nutrients, ions, fluids and hormones, waste removal

the cardiovascular system contains

heart, blood, blood vessels

heart

pump that pushes blood through the arteries

arteries

blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart

veins

blood vessels that carry blood TOWARDS the heart

where does the exchange of materials between blood and cells occur

capillaries

smallest to largest blood vessels

capillaries → veins → arteries

cellular respiration equation

what does the circulatory system transport and how

oxygen: moves down the partial pressure gradients from the air into the blood of the alveolar capillaries (most binds to hemoglobin in rbcs; some dissolves in blood); blood then carries the oxygen to the tissues

carbon dioxide: transported away from the tissues and diffuses out of the alveolar capillaries (most travel in the form of bicarbonate ions)

other metabolic waste: urea is filtered through the kidneys

digested nutrients: glucose, amino acids, and fats are circulated to target cells to be absorbed

hormones: absorbed the same way as above

lipid soluble molecules: require the use of a carrier protein to be transported

cardiovascular systems role in thermoregulation

helps maintain body temp by heat exchange on the surface of the skin as blood vessels constrict or dilate in response to brain signals

average temp of human body

98.6 F (optimal for metabolic processes and defense against pathogens)